Gender Role and Sexuality Essay Example for Free

Gender Role and Sexuality EssayI can fortunately and happily say that I person all toldy have non experienced unequal treat ment in regards to my chosen career, educational path or previously held jobs. What I do s cashbox see currently macrocosm sortd are gender roles and the way they are allowed or not allowed to sexual urgeually express themselves in the public eye. From my experience it is more acceptable for men to compose music about sex, be in main stream media selling sex, have successful careers in sex, and everyday unequal expectations in dating, sex and relationships. Men have more sexual freedom in the world today. Men are encouraged and in most cases applauded on the discussion of how legion(predicate) partners they have had in the past and the specifics of each experience, yet woman are still expected to hide their sex from the world in fear of badinage and isolation. In our society today woman who are overly sexual or practice in form fitting clothes or pre termit thereof are automatically stereotyped as the promiscuous type. Why the double standard?I wear outt agree at all with dis coqueting private sexual acts to the general public to gain fame and wealth and in by doing such corrupting children and destroying the beauty of sex scarce I dont believe that we should have to hide that women are as much sexual beings equally as men. I feel religion and culture play major roles in the history of sexual repression of woman. Even dating back to the Puritan who believed that anything resulting in pleasure was a sin, womens freedom to express their sexual activity has been suppressed in fear of domination because we are just as powerful as men.Growing up in a strict Catholic home I was always taught to act like a lady in public. Exactly what was meant by that I wasnt fully sure but I knew its underlying symbolism was repressing my sexuality. I wasnt allowed to wear spaghetti straps, mid drift shirts, shorts above my knees, or make up till I was 18 years old. Sex was not spoken of in my household at all, and if it happened to be seen in a movie or on television I was instructed to cover my eyes because sex was forbidden. Being a sexy woman was seen as vulgar.If I had male friends I could not lambast on the phone with them or play outside of school with them without a parent or chaperone. On that contrary my younger brother was encouraged to dress well, wear cologne and have many female friends. It was a symbol of popularity. In my fathers Hispanic culture the young men were pampered and hardened as kings with double standards. The women were there to serve them. We are not allowed to be sexy or let alone discuss sex in in any case shape or form. As an adult now I can understand why I completely rebelled against the stereotypes created by my religion and culture.Its not fair to make women feel less than human than men. We are sexual creatures who share the same desires and needs. I now embrace my sexuality. Im not a fraid to be who I am, and say how I feel. Being a single mother in society today puts me in another stereotype as well. Having a child out of wedlock is still looked down upon, and more so with the mother. We are labeled as promiscuous, unholy, and despotic, but to me I loved a man for 8 years and wanted to create a life with him. Unfortunately the abuse I endured was in any case great to allow after the child was born, so I chose to leave.On the other hand the single father is praised and labeled as hard working(a), and honorable. In news and media woman are portrayed as sex objects in order to entice society. It draws women in because they either want to be like them or look like them and it draws men in because they love the visual stimulation. Sexuality is used as a shock value for ratings. be sexy woman who love their bodies and the way it makes them feel really that shocking? Instead of conditioning our young woman to hide their sexuality we should be doctrine them health y ways to explore and express their human desires of sexuality in a safe, healthy way.

Compare the Techniques Of My First Sonne and Limbo Essay Example for Free

Comp be the Techniques Of My First Sonne and Limbo EssayWhen looking at the two poems it is clear that On my First Sonne is composed to get it on with a father losing his seven year old son. While in comparison the poet Brathwaite is highlighting the topic of slavery. When analyze the two poems it is quite noticeable that they surge with life issues of death and somberness. However, once studying the two poems it is quite noticeable that some(prenominal) poems distinguish and highlight religion. This is highlighted in Limbo as it says in the drop dead personal line of credit on the burning ground. Which can be clearly suggested that it is portraying the Christian image of Hell. Which can be defined as a come on where youre in torture, which relates to the life of an African Slave where there struggling for life in places e.g. the sugar plantations. In On My First Sonne its communicating to the reader slightly religion like Limbo. However, instead of comparing religion to torture, it is discussing can people envy his son because hes going to heaven? This is particularly shown in the following line where he leaves a question mark Will man rue the state he should envie?Looking at both the poems theres a huge occupation in there individuality and uniqueness. This is clearly shown done the way that both the poems are written. For example, Limbo is bring ined in free verse which is probably suggesting that the slaves once had an identity. The name Limbo emphasises that the free verse is trying to show that the slaves were his ancestors with an African past.However, Brathwaite is presenting that the slave dealers stripped his ancestors of an identity for example the dumb Gods are raising me. Showing that the poet has no knowledge of Africans Gods or culture. While in contrast, the techniques used in On My First Sonne shows a traditional English poem about his love to his son. It is in any case writing about the English tradition of the Church of Eng land and an identity about what it is to be English. Which during its time was to believe in the old tradition of religion and heaven. Which when comparing the two it is noticeable that On My First Sonne shows identity and Limbo conveys lost identity.On My First Sonne it uses Trochaic pentameter in order to create the feeling of sadness by the use of a stressed and then a unstressed syllable. By using this technique it creates a feeling that the author is clueless which is shown through sentences likeWill man lament the state he should envie? Limbo also uses Trochaic pentameter in order to create the feeling of sadness as the poem is talking about the struggle of slavery long dark deck and the water surrounding me. When looking at the strains of On My First Sonne it uses past, present and future. For example in the first four lines there is a use of past. This is shown as he talks about his seven year old nipper and uses in the last sentence on the just day. It then changes to pre sent, as the poet talks about in the next four lines Will man lament the state he should envie? suggesting he should envy his son because he is in heaven.This quote also shows that he has accepted the death of his son. It then goes to future as the poet mentions in soft peace. This poem shows to the reader that the poet wrote this poem over a long period of time. Showing to the reader the past represents that his child died, the present in between lines is mentioning the childs burial and the future is that the child is buried and now in heaven. In Limbo there is a use of only present tense and repetition of the title limbo. This technique is used to make the poem capture the audience and get into the character of a slave. Furthermore, the use of repetition creates a pace and the beat is indicated as it uses the word drummers. However, in On My First Sonne there is a use of punctuation to create the tempo meaning the audience are less involved with the poem.In conclusion this essay shows to the reader the background of the poems one to do with slavery and another to do with England and the Church of England of faith. Furthermore, Im showing how both poems contrast and how language is used to show tempo and contrast.

Movie Analysis Of Kick Ass

Movie Analysis Of flower AssIn the subscribe to iron heel-Ass, tell by Matthew Vaughn, Dave Lizewski (Aaron Johnson), a teenager who is ignored by girls and obsessed with comics sets out to be a real superhero. He purchases a costume online and begins to fight villainy with the name of Kick-Ass. After fighting come to three thugs, Dave becomes a internet phenomenon and gets the help of other vigilantes in a collective goal to bring raft mob boss dog-iron DAmico (Mark Strong). When analyzing the film, I noniced that it contains the elements of a Hero Myth that are clarified in Linda Segers article, Creating a Myth. While most heroes in film have superpowers or special abilities, the character Kick-Ass uses his desire and passion in order to combat his enemies. The archetype of the hero is reinforced throughout the film because Kick-Ass encounters many obstacles, which in turn develop a sense of growth and transformation.Seger begins by asserting that in hero myths, the hero i s introduced in ordinary surroundings and the hero begins as non-hero innocent, young, simple or humble (2). As viewers we assimilate that Dave Lizewski is a typical teenager in everyday New York. He fantasizes about how life would be as a superhero. Like most teenage boys, Dave has a crush on a female counterpart, Katie Fonseca (Lyndsy Fonseca), but he is barely noticedBrown 2by her and the other girls at school. We can see that he possesses humility because he is neither bold or self-assertive. His innocence can be derived from the fact that his intentions are harmless. He only sets out to do good by fighting offensive.Heath continues by stating that something hotborn enters the heros life and this catalyst sets the story in motion (2). After being robbed by a pair of street thugs, Dave realizes that he must fight crime and germinate on the role of a superhero. He orders a wet suit online and begins to train in preparation for the dangers on the city streets. Moreover, when Dave sees the same devil men that robbed him and his friend Todd breaking into a car he confronts them with his new suit on. Unfortunately he gets stabbed and stumbles to be hit by a car, causation nerve ending damage. He is rushed to the hospital where doctors fix him with metal plates, which gives him a higher pain threshold. Sequentially, this experience sets the story in motion because Daves ratiocination to become a superhero is only sparked and it leads to another crucial event. He later sets up a MySpace account under the name Kick-Ass, which allows the public to contact him and supplicate assistance. One night, he goes out to look for a lost cat and interrupts a chase between thugs who were trying to kill another man. Fortunately, he fights off the attackers and becomes an internet phenomenon after it was recorded and posted on Youtube. Furthermore, we can see that Dave is endowed with bravery and desire. In addition, this sequence of events develop as a integral catal yst, which in turn stimulate the story.Additionally, Seger argues that in any journey, the hero usually receives help that often comes from unusual sources(2). In the film, Damon MacReady (Nicholas Cage) who is an Ex-cop and his 11-year old daughter Mindy (Chloe Moretz) notice Kick AsssBrown 3escapades. One night, Kick-Ass visits the apartment of Rasul after Katie mentions that a guy name Rasul at the clinic would rob and harass her. Reacting off impulse, he tries to threaten him but he is horribly unsuccessful. Angered by such words, Rasul and crew get ready to mutilate him, but Mindy, dressed in costume blasts through the windowpane and kills all the gang members and her dad shoots the last one with a sniper rifle. After, she introduces herself as Hit daughter and takes all the money and guns. Essentially the character of Hit Girl is very unusual. Combing the characteristics of a killer to the ones of a cute child, Director Matthew Vaughn tries to arouse feelings, emotions, and r esponses amongst the audience. We become immersed in the sensitive idea of children and violence interacting in cinema.Furthermore, Seger affirms that at some point in the story, the hero hits rock bottom, a near death experience or black moment, leading to a type of rebirth(3). The hit is exposed and the action continues to an intriguing conclusion. For example, in the film, there is a live countdown to the unmasking of Kick-Ass. However, it so happens to be Big Daddy and Kick Ass handcuffed to chairs awaiting their performance by Frank Damicos mob men. They are brutally beaten to a point where it is thrown off television to only being streamed online. We see Kick Asss black moment as he is relentlessly tortured. He says Even with my metal plates and my fucked up nerve endings, I gotta tell you, that hurt But not half as much as the idea of leaving everything behind. Katie, my dad, Todd and Marty..and all the things Id never do. We begin to feel his pain and hope that he makes it through. Nevertheless, they begin to well out gasoline on Big Daddy and set him on fire. Ingeniously, Hit Girl arrives to save them and kills all the men in an intensiveBrown 4gun battle. She tries to save Big Daddy but he dies from the severity of the burns. Hit Girl rescues Kick Ass and takes him to her fathers apartment where he agrees to help her take down Frank Damico.Lastly, Seger argues that the hero must face the final ordeal forwards being reborn as the hero, proving his courage and becoming transformed. She asserts that we need to see him changed at the end (3). This is clearly depicted in the final battle of the film. Hit Girl is pinned down behind a counter without ammo by Frank Damicos mob men. Just before one of them fires the bazooka, Kick-Ass comes flying up the building with a cat valium pack. He then expels the artillery installed on the jet pack and wipes out the rest of the men. The last fight scene emerges. Hit Girl takes on Frank DAmico and Kick-Ass takes o n his son Chris Damico aka Red Mist( Christopher Mintz-Plasse).However, Kick-Ass and Chris knock apiece other out to the ground. On the other hand, Hit Girl and Frank battle fiercely. Frank gains the upper hand and prepares to kill her with his pistol, but Kick-Ass fires the bazooka and the rocket propels Frank through the window and it explodes. Chris tries to go after Kick-Ass but Kick-Ass uses the jet pack and flies off with Hit Girl. At the end of the film, Dave says hes done with crime-fighting and theres a new generation of superheroes that have emerged through his inspiration.In other respects, we ask, how has Kick-Ass transformed as a character? Based on observations, Kick-Ass now has his dream girl Katie, who before didnt notice him or who he didnt talk to in the first place. Ultimately, Dave has explored the realm that he always wanted to since he was kid. He has learned that superpowers can not hinder or prevent the growth of motivation, purpose, or desire. In essence, w e see that the film

Knowledge Management Models And Frameworks Commerce Essay

association focus exercises And Frameworks Commerce EssayThe purpose of this paper is to tinyly review article the various friendship prudence sit downs and good examples. The review found that various acquaintance management impersonates and frameworks varies in perspectives ranging from the basic assumption of the articulation and transfer of dumb and overt intimacy to the more complex and complicated assumption that acquaintance is intellectual capital and it is mechanistic in perspective as well as an important asset that has to be managed efficiently for firms success. In this paper, acquaintance management models are divided into three categories experience category models, intellectual capital models, and friendlyly constructed models. Besides, two no(prenominal)sis management frameworks will be discussed in this paper. Finally, a KM model and framework is tentatively suggested to act as a useable guide for further research and musical arrangemental appli cation.Introduction zero(prenominal)adays, the world is fully experiencing an era, namely experience age or the cognition economy. In experience economy, knowledge is the crucial commodity due to the rapidly technological advancement. The technological innovations are eliminating the gap betwixt competing companies and the collective knowledge of the employees become the key factor in producing innovative and competitive products or services (Sunassee and Sewry, 2002). Since previously managers did not encourage diffusion and sharing of knowledge among employees, changing in mindset is required for managing the knowledge effectively. The knowledge-driven activities in governings and of the broader economic and social life lead to the management of knowledge become very important (Sunassee and Sewry, 2002). In general, this managerial activity has been known as Knowledge Management (KM).Previous research on knowledge management indicates the existence of various definitions of knowledge management. According to Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), knowledge management is the capability of a company to create new knowledge, disseminate it throughout the organization and embody it in products, services, and administrations. Duffy (1999) defines knowledge management as the identification, growth and effective application of an organisations critical knowledge. Knowledge management has been defined in another term, which is an organized and explicit suffice to generate, renew, and apply knowledge to maximize an organizations knowledge-related effectiveness and returns from its knowledge assets (Wiig, 1997). Alavi and Leidner (1999) define knowledge management as a systemic and organisationally specified function for acquiring, organizing, and communicating both tacit and explicit knowledge of employees so that other employees may make use of it to be more effective and productive in their work. Besides, ODell et al., (1998) define knowledge management as a conscio us strategy of acquire the right knowledge to the right people at the right time and helping people share and put information into action in shipway that strive to improve organizational performance. For instance, Beckman (1999) define knowledge management as the testisization of and access to experience, knowledge and expertise that create new capabilities, enable higher-ranking performance, encourage innovation and enhance customer value. In general, KM is the summons of creating, storing, distri moreovering, and applying knowledge.By reviewing the signifi send awayce of knowledge management and the complexity of its nature, it is timely to try to commiserate the latest theories underlying knowledge and knowledge management. Hence, this paper will critically study the latest models and frameworks of knowledge management and discuss on the assumptions and views of each model and framework. The aim of this paper is to examine the current understanding of the theory and practi ce of the emerging field of knowledge management by critically evaluating existing knowledge management models and frameworks. Therefore, employers or practitioners in organizations can understand their concepts and improved approaches can be developed and apply to organization and to those who need to work and implement knowledge management.This paper will begin by presenting the aims and objectives and followed with a short discussion on the types of knowledge. This is followed with the discussion on some of the existing knowledge management models and frameworks.Types of KnowledgeIn todays competitive business environment, only the knowledge of an organization can provide the basis for organizational renewal and sustainable competitive advantages. Organizational knowledge can be classified into two distinctive types of knowledge explicit and tacit. According to Polanyi (1967), explicit knowledge is the knowledge which is easily to formalize, transfer, and store documented, artic ulated into formal language, formally expressible and easily to communicate tacit knowledge is pertaining to themes, feelings, and individual experience, which is more complicated and difficult to share with each others.Explicit knowledge is the fact and can be codified and transmitted in a systematic and formal language. It is usually data, which is internal to an organization and can be easily collected. silent knowledge is the personal experiences, context-specific knowledge that is difficult to formalize record or articulate. It actually resides in the heads of the people, behavior and perception (Frid, 2000). Examples are intuitions, hunches, insights, beliefs and values. Both tacit and explicit knowledge are needed for an organization to achieve greater performance (Sanchez et. al. 1996).Knowledge Management Models and FrameworksKnowledge Category ModelsThese types of model categorize knowledge into distinct elements. One of the most renowned KM models fits into this categor y, the Knowledge Spiral model by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995). This model presents a high level conceptual representation of the knowledge dimensions, namely tacit and explicit knowledge. The model makes a number of assumptions, namely1. Tacit knowledge can be transferred through a process of culture (everyday comradeship) to become the tacit knowledge of others top left quadrant2. Tacit knowledge can become explicit knowledge through a process of externalization (formalizing a body of knowledge) top right quadrant3. Explicit knowledge can be transferred into tacit knowledge in others through a process of internalization (translating theories into practice) bottom left quadrant4. Explicit knowledge can be transferred to explicit knowledge in others through a process of combination (combining existing theories) -bottom right quadrant.One criticism of the model is that knowledge transfer in organizations is much more complicated and convoluted than this unsubdivided ground substa nce suggests. The model in like manner assumes an integration of tacit and explicit knowledge often this is not the case. This model is shown in figure no. 1 below.A simple but more elaborate version of Nonakas model is shown in figure no. 2 (Hedlund and Nonaka, 1993). This model assumes there are four different levels of carriers, or agents, of knowledge in organizations, namely the individual, the group, the organization and the inter-organizational domain (customers, suppliers, competitors, etc.). The above model is helpful by relating the carriers to the types of knowledge it remains problematic in that it assumes the carriers, like the knowledge, can be simply separated.Another example of a knowledge category model is that of Boisot, (1998), as shown in figure no. 3. Boisots model considers knowledge as codified or uncodified, diff employ or undiffused, within an organization. Boisot uses the term codified to refer to knowledge that can be quickly prepared for transmission p urposes (e.g. pecuniary data). The term uncodified refers to knowledge that cannot be easily prepared for transmission purposes (e.g. experience). The term diffused refers to knowledge that is readily shared while undiffused refers to knowledge that is not readily shared.The model presents the following characteristics1. Knowledge categorized as both codified and undiffused is referred to as propriety knowledge. In this case, knowledge is prepared for transmission but is designedly restricted to a selectively small population, on a need to know basis (e.g. projected profits, share price issues) top left quadrant2. Knowledge that is relatively uncodified and undiffused is referred to as personal knowledge (e.g. perceptions, insights, experiences) bottom left quadrantknowledge that is both codified and diffused is referred to as public knowledge (e.g. journals, books, libraries) top right quadrantKnowledge which is relatively diffused but also uncodified is labeled common sense bottom right quadrant. Boisot, (1998) considers such knowledge as being built up slowly by a process of socialization, harboring customs and intuition.There are few similarities between Nonakas model and Boisots model. For example, Nonakas mixed bag of explicit and tacit knowledge has a degree of correspondence with Boisots reference to codified and uncodified knowledge. The horizontal dimension relates to the spread or diffusion of knowledge crossways the organization in both models. However, Boisots model experiences the same limitations as Nonakas model in that codified and uncodified are but two discrete categories of knowledge. In addition, the idea of diffused knowledge is alternatively general and it is not clear if it includes incorporating knowledge within the organization, as well as disseminating it. frame of reference No. 3-Knowledge Category Model (Boisot, 1998)Intellectual Capital ModelsManagement gurus such as Drucker (1993) and Brooking (1997) and practitioner ico ns such as Edvinsson, (1997) elucidated the notion of Intellectual Capital (IC). Knowledge and capital have been conjugated together for many years. Knowledge is being capitalized as a resource comparable to land or oil. However, we also need to focus on the intangible asset elements which knowledge contains such as employee skills, experiences, patients, copyrights, brands, licensing opportunities, research and development, innovative use of assets such as databases, etc. (Quintas et al, 1997). As these type of elements are not normally record on the traditional organizational balance sheet they are referred to Intellectual Assets hence the term Intellectual Capital.KM is actively concerned with the strategic spotter and operational tactics required for managing human centered, intellectual assets (Brooking, 1997). According to Peters (1992), KM can affect intellectual capital or as recognizing or rediscovering assets that the organization are not using to full potential, ultima tely employees. As these approaches imply that the key areas of KM are the management of IC it is worth reviewing a typical IC model. The model, shown below in figure no. 5, is the Intellectual Capital model from Skandia Insurance which is adopted from Chase (1997), and Roos and Roos (1997). According to Edvinsson and Malone, (1997) intellectual capital concsists the applied experience, organizational technology, customer relationships and professional skills that provide Skandia with a competitive advantage in the market.One problem that can be associated with this model is the adoption of a scientific approach to knowledge. This is evident through the classification of knowledge as a commodity linking it to organization capital. This view of intellectual capital ignores the political and social aspects of KM. KM can be decomposed into objective elements rather than being socio-political phenomena from the view of intellectual capital. This is similar to the Nonaka and Takeuchi, ( 1995) approach.As befits a new area of inquiry, much analytic work is focused on categorizing, mapping and measuring of knowledge types and processes. Although this is helpful, the epistemological basis of the field cannot be ignored (McAdam and McCreedy, 1999). Hence, we need to embrace socially constructed models of KM. picture No. 4-Intellectual Capital Model of KM (Chase, 1997)Socially Constructed ModelsThis group of models assumes a wide definition of knowledge viewing it as being intrinsically linked within the social and scholarship processes of the organization. KM is concerned with the construction, capture, interpretation, embodiment, dissemination and use of knowledge. These components are represented in Demerests (1997) Knowledge Management model. The model is developed from the overlord work of Clark and Staunton, (1989) and Nonaka and Takeuchi, (1995). It can be compared to that of Jordan and Jones, (1997) who speak of knowledge acquisition, problem solving, dissemi nation, ownership and storage and that of Kruizinga et al. (1997) who include knowledge policy, infrastructure and culture.Firstly, the model emphasizes the construction of knowledge within the organization. The model assumes that constructed knowledge is then embodied. Next the embodied knowledge is disseminated throughout the organization. Ultimately the knowledge is used to gain economic value with regard to organizational outputs. The black arrows in figure no. 5 show the primary flow direction while the white arrows show the more recursive flows.Figure No. 5 -Knowledge Management Model Demerest, (1997)Demerests model is attractive in that it does not assume any given definition of knowledge but rather invites a more holistic approach to knowledge construction. However, it does imply a simplistic procession approach to the flow of knowledge transfer, while in ingenuousness this may be extremely rapid and circulatory.To overcome this gap a slightly modified version of Demerests model has been developed, figure no. 6. Firstly the model emphasizes the construction of knowledge within an organization where either a scientific or social paradigm may be adopted. The scientific view of knowledge takes a knowledge is truth view (Morgan, 1986). This view considers that knowledge is a body of facts and rational laws thus promoting a non-personal view of knowledge, skills and tasks (Lave and Wenger, 1991). On the other march on the social view of knowledge is concerned with the social and learning processes within an organization. However, this approach assumes that knowledge construction is inequality, conflict, domination, subordination and manipulation influences as well as more traditional behavioral questions associated with efficiency and motivation (Alvesson and Wilmott, 1996). Thus social knowledge construction is a dynamic process of contextuality rather than the assimilation of a body of facts. In the McAdam and McCreedys (1999) model depicted in figure no. 6, knowledge construction is not limited to scientific inputs through explicit programmes but includes a process of social interaction.The implications of this broader concept of knowledge construction must be reflected in the embodiment/dissemination of knowledge as part of the organizations KM approach. There is little point in widening the concept of knowledge construction only to limit the embodiment and dissemination techniques used or to agitate existing techniques onto new knowledge. Attempting to do so will lead to disappointing results, frustration and a negative view to KM caused by the mismatch between conception and application. Knowledge usage must also be reflected via the knowledge initiatives installed in the organization.Demerest (1997) describes use (as deployed in figure no. 6) as the production of commercialized value for the customer. While increasing commercial value is a key objective of KM, it is not the only objective. Therefore knowledge use must be employed through the application of a complementary approach for emancipatory enhancements and organization outputs. This will permit the organization to be viewed and reformed from different perspectives that will relieve continuous innovation, thus creating the ultimate business benefits for the organization as a whole. While the interconnecting vectors (black arrows) show the primary flow of activity, more recursive arrows are added to reflect the circulating nature of activity flows, thus depicting that KM is not a simple sequential process.Figure No. 6-Modified Version of Demerests Knowledge Management Model (McAdam and McCreedy, 1999)Knowledge Management FrameworksStankosky and Baldanza (2001) developed a knowledge management framework which solicites enabling factors such as learning, culture, leadership, organization and technology (refer to figure no. 7). This framework presents that knowledge management covers a wide range of disciplines that include cognitive science, c ommunication, individual and organizational behavior, psychology, finance, economics, human resource, management, strategic planning, system thinking, process reengineering, system engineering, computer technologies and software and library science.This framework consists four major foundations of an organization which is important for knowledge management are leadership, organization structure, technology infrastructure and learning. The fiber of leadership is practicing strategic planning and systems thinking approaches, making best use of resources, fostering a culture that encourages open dialogue and team learning, and for encouraging and recognize risk taking, learning and knowledge sharing. Organization structure should facilitate personal interactions and support communities of practice to capture tacit and explicit knowledge within the organization. Besides, organizational structure should facilitate trust among people within the organization and encourage free exchange o f knowledge. engineering science infrastructure allows exchange of information without formal structures. Technology infrastructure should enhance the efficient and effective capture of both tacit and explicit knowledge. It should also support knowledge sharing in the entire organization. Lastly, learning is responsible for managing information in order to build enterprise wide knowledge and use that knowledge to organizational learning, change and performance improvement.Figure No. 7-Basic Disciplines Underlying Knowledge Management and its Enabling Factors (Stankosky and Baldanza , 2001)Karadesh et al. (2009) developed a knowledge management framework that emphasizes on developing phases such as knowledge infrastructure, knowledge combination, knowledge filtering, knowledge repository, knowledge sharing, knowledge application, and finally, knowledge performance across the KM process (refer to figure no. 8).The first element is knowledge infrastructure, which relies on building th e proper culture for Knowledge Management System and establishes the awareness of the importance of KM among the individuals in the organization. The second element is knowledge combination that functions as a temporary repository of collected information from the infrastructure phase. The third element is knowledge military rank which is used to assess the knowledge based on the value accuracy and relevance after the knowledge have been combined from different sources (Sunassee and Sewry, 2002). Knowledge filtering is the fourth element that prepares knowledge to be stored in the beside phase, after going through classification, categorization and organization. The fifth element is knowledge repository that functions as storage for the knowledge collected in the past stages. It also can be viewed as organization memory and retention of knowledge assets. Knowledge sharing is a core process in the process of the KM that transfers and shares knowledge among the individuals in the or ganization. Knowledge application is the seventh element that applies and represents information to knowledge seekers in appropriate matter. The last element is knowledge performance which is used to evaluate every KM system, process, performance, and impact of KM. It is performing according to the organization goals and objectives.Figure No. 8-Conceptual Framework for Knowledge Management Process(Karadesh et al., 2009)ConclusionThe review of existing knowledge management models and frameworks has seen a wide spectrum of viewpoints. Knowledge management has been seen from the categorical view in which knowledge are categorized into discrete elements as seen in Boisot, Nonaka, and Nonaka and Hedlunds models to the more complicated and complex perspective of knowledge that is mechanistic and socially constructed orientation (McAdam and McCreedys, 1999). Moreover, these knowledge management models have made reference to first, the process of managing the flow knowledge second, categori zation models are mechanistic third, the intellectual capital model assumed that intellectual capital are crucial assets in organization and should be manage efficiently for firms success fourth, Demerests model is intrinsically linked with the social and learning process within organizations McAdam and McCreedys model is slightly modified from Demerests model, which seeks to address the limitations by explicitly showing the influence of both social and scientific paradigms of knowledge construction, and extends the use element to cover both business and employee benefits. Stankosky and Baldanzas knowledge management framework emphasized that leadership, organization structure, technology infrastructure and learning are important foundations for knowledge management in an organization finally, Karadesh et al.s knowledge management framework represents with extensive and detailed processes and tends to provide guidelines for executing KM successfully, save time and efforts and to avo id inaccuracies. Even though knowledge management models and frameworks have evolved from time to time, essentially the models and frameworks provide a way of transforming managerial activities and guiding managerial efforts in managing knowledge in the organizations.The KM model and framework that are suggested to act as a useful guide for further research and organizational application is McAdam and McCreedys model and Karadesh et al.s framework. McAdam and McCreedys model combines scientific and socially constructed knowledge, and also the uses/benefits of KM are viewed as both emancipatory and as business oriented. Karadesh et al.s framework provides a broadest analysis of KM process that can be used to foster the development of organization knowledge and enhance the organizational impact of individuals throughout the organizations. Therefore, it is suggested that this model and framework could act as a useful guide for further research and literature evaluation in the area of knowledge management.

Baby Abandonment in Malaysia

Baby Abandonment in MalaysiaThe trouble of abandonment of babies that has become more than serious over the years with more and more babies is being cast out in our state. According to Syed Zahar, 2010, on Valentines Day, charred remains of a foil, believed to be a few days old, and was found in a trash bin in Kuala Krai, Kelantan. On March 21, a newborn deflower girl was found cast a carriage in the assault dump of a obtain mall in Ipoh, Perak. Then on March 26,a day-old infant was found dead in Kampung Melayu Subang. The latest data from the police showed that 65 babies draw been dumped this year alone, 26 of them boys, 25 girls and the separate 14 being foetuses. This brings the total to 472 cases since 2005, in more than half of which, or 258, the babies were found dead in our country and a total of 79 cases were reported on last year (The Star on crinkle, 2010). Official statistics reveal an average of 100 cases annually tho these figures do non include abandoned b abies who died after being abandoned or those babies that disposed off without a trace. So, this issue deserves urgent attention by everyone before it goes out of hand.In our opinion, government should play an important role as to reduce the cases of abandoned babies by classify the abandoned baby cases as murder and attempted murder or enforced the law in our country. Those responsible for babies who die would be investigated for murder while abandoned babies found live would be classified and investigated as attempted murder. Police should investigate and use modern technique such as the DNA test to identify the p bents of the abandoned baby. Besides, police should besides set up a special squad if they subscribe to probe cases of abandoned newborn babies so as to track pop up the suspects swiftly. According to The Star on 17 August 2010, there is an 18-year-old factory worker and his 17-year-old girlfriend in Malacca became the first couple in the country to be charged under the Penal Code for baby dumping. The couple pleaded guilty to the offence, which carries a maximum sentence of seven years jail, a exquisite or both. This is the only way to bring those responsible for the death of a baby to justice. Many cases involving baby-dumping could not be resolved fast because of miss of info and expressed the need for public cooperation to help police to solve the cases. So, as a citizen in our country, it is now the time for the society had to be a busybody, especially in matters pertaining to social problems.An NGO in Malaysia has opened the countrys first baby hatch for rescuing throwaway(prenominal) newborns as authorities battle increasing cases of abandoned babies (VR Sreeraman, 2010). A BABY hatch is a graze where an unwanted child might be left anonymously by parents. The hatch has a small doorsill which a niggle fag end open and place her baby on an incubator bed. Once the door is closed an alarm bell will consternation the NGOs staff to the babys presence, after the mother has left. Although the baby hatch helps to avoid newborn babies being abandoned at the laneside or in a rubbish dump, but many people feel that it seems to encourage pre-marital grammatical gender. However, the aim of the baby hatch is to discourage women, especially young unwed mothers, from abandoning their newborn and instead have them placed with caring parents. According The Star newspaper, the baby boy abandoned at the baby hatch on 27 June 2010 has been adopted. The baby hatch, set up on May 29 by OrphanCARE, received its first baby on June 27 when an unmarried couple in their early 20s left the newborn there. With the establishment of the baby hatch, government hoped there would be a reduction in the number of babies being dumped. Besides that, NGO plans to place baby cots where mothers can leave their unwanted babies anonymously to stay fresh abandoned babies. Unlike the baby hatch, that the baby cots, which would be located at the p remises of NGOs, were merely a place for women to place their unwanted babies. The baby cots would most likely be made of wood and designed with an umbrella-like shade to keep out crows and protect the child from the blistery heat. Once a baby is dropped in a cot, the NGO concerned would alert and contact the police and the welfare department. This objective is to protect the abandoned babies lives.Nowadays, cases of baby abandonment usually results from unwanted pregnancies. So, educating youths on the risk of having sex, especially unprotected sex are needed. Sex information should include in our school syllabus, not just implemented as a brief part of other causa like biology, moral and physical education, but as a subject on its own. From the many cases as we know, it was found that many youths did not know their own bodies. Some did not even know that they will get expectant if they have sex. So, these abide the authorities with a good reason that it is time we had sex edu cation in our schools as one of the subject. Knowledge is power and sex education is not virtually free sex. Sex education is most giving our children informed choices. Sex education will teach the child about his or her body, changes to the body at puberty, hormones, how to form stable meaningful relationships, responsible relationships, unprotected sex, consequences of having sex and how to say no(Mariam Mokhtar, 2010). Awareness and education on sexual health will play a vital role in helping to reduce the number of unplanned pregnancies and cases of abandoned babies.Besides, Government or non-governmental organization should provide shelter situations for pregnant unwed girls and unwed mothers to solve the problem of abandoned of babies that has become more serious in our country. Basically a young mother would abandon her baby because she is afraid. She does not wantto keep her baby and she just wants someone to take it, keep it safe, and make sure it gets a good home becau se she might be unmarried. Because of this, the welfare department officers will be on 24-hours standby to help those having such problems and give them counselling. They should also take the initiatives to identify cases of unwanted pregnancies in their respective areas and provide assistance to the mothers to impede them from abandoning their babies. While caution need to be taken in implementing any measure as not to encourage young girls to be involved in sexual relationship before marriage, it is equally important to ensure that those who have already crossed the line do not shy away from seeking help and doing the right thing.Most cases of abandoned babies were due to weak family institutions and where the responsibility of bringing up a child was left to other parties. So, parents and family members are actually also playing an important role to prevent the unwanted pregnancies so that it will not becoming rampant in our country. Most of the parents in our country are full time workers that force them to spend about 10 hours out of their house per day. As a result, most of their children are abandoning of love and time by their parents. Their parents are too busy with their work and career development. This situation can cause lack of time between the family members. In relation to that their children tend to find others affection among their peers. It can contribute to their feeling in trying new things such as find someone who loves them or having sex with their partner. When parents come to know of their children are pregnant before they had married they will blame the whole world instead of helping them and providing the necessary certify to them. Parents or family members should not blaming others if their children became pregnant or gave birth to babies conceived out of wedlock but take the necessary steps to support them in times of distress. As you all know, raising a baby as a young teenager is already tough but traffic with the stigma will let the parents and the child feel more pressure. This is why counselling from social agencies do their big part in helping these women hump with the discrimination.In our point of view, teacher should teach young people commit to abstaining from sex until marriage to avoid unwanted pregnancies by education because people also believe that it is morally wrong for the people to have sex before they are married. Since sex is one of the natural force that one cannot resist, as humanity being we can resist having sex at the wrong time or we should use the trenchant contraception to avoid unwanted pregnancies. The use of effective contraception, such as the oral contraceptive pill and condom not only reduce the risk of getting unwanted pregnancies but also cut back the rate of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome) infection. We may not be able to stop our teenagers from having sex before marriage, but we can at least tell them about responsibilities and consequences of having unpro tected sex before married.Government and non-governmental organization should also set up a special school for pregnant teenagers to let them complete their education to ensure a better future for them. They should not be alienated and left feeling as if they have been excluded from the society when they got pregnant. The school will also take care of the needs of pregnant teens and this, indirectly, will rid of negative perception against them. Arguments that say setting up such school or the baby hatch would encourage teenagers to be involved in premarital sexual activities should be considered, but we should look at this by taking into consideration that it is already happening, baby dumping has already happened. So what is wrong with setting up the school to give them a venue, a place for them to seek help and save themselves from being trapped in the cycle further. I think we have to give them a second chance, which is more important. The reality is that it is already happening and we need to take action to address the problem, otherwise we will lose young individuals who could contribute to our country.Last but not least, another way to overcome abandoned babies is to create awareness through media. Every country should have a common reminder to their citizen by advertising through any sorts of media whether it is newspaper, television, radio and etc. The citizen will also be educated not only through school but also through media. Media plays a huge part in creating awareness and by doing so it could help to minimize the rate of abandoned babies in the future. People who are not educated are the main problem to this cause because they dont know the value of a new born life and abandoned the baby for the sake of themselves. Through media can also promote slipway to handle unwanted babies rather than abandoned them on valleys or dustbins. The role of media is essential because it can deliver a message throughout the nation in a split second and at the s ame time a lot of people will receive their message at once. Media is the best and smart way to promote or create awareness among other roles. Media serve as a constant reminder to people about how to react and prevent abandoned babies happening and to also promote alternative to donate the babies rather than to leave at somewhere and let the baby die off. In other ways of it is cruel to deal with the issue that way and the babies is paying the price for the mistake their adult are making. That is wrong because there are still so many ways to handle things and people prefer to handle things the wrong way to protect their dignity and to cover the shameful things that has happen to them. There is no dignity left for those who their abandoned babies in dark alleys so why care to protect them?Baby dumping has become a hot theme with newspapers highlighting new cases almost every day. We think that, in solving the issue of abandoned babies, the main goal should be towards creatingaware ness among youths that abandoning of babies is not the easiest way out. We have to let them know there are places and people that can provide help and its also these NGOs duty to reach out to those going through unwanted pregnancies.Society too should play their part by understanding the problem and not discriminate unwed mothers. Accidents happen and human make mistakes are no way to redress an initial oversight. In conclusion, lets hope morals of the people in this country not deteriorate as we take this road towards achieving the status of a developed nation. After all, its not much use in having a first-world infrastructure and system when the citizens are still in a third-world state of mind.

The Last of the Mohicans Essay -- Native Americans James Fenimore Coop

The Last of the MohicansJames Fenimore Coopers the Last of the Mohicans is a captivating novel thatdepicts the travel of 7 people through the dangerous woods of western New Yorkin the late 18th century. The story takes place during the French and Indian war atthe height of conflict. Major Duncan Heyward is accompanying singer DavidGamut and the two daughters of the English colonel Munro from Fort Edward toFort William Henry. Along the way, the four travelers mark that their Indianguide Magua has purposely lead them in the wrong direction. Their only chance ofmaking it to Fort William Henry now rests in the hands of peddle Eye (a man whoknows the way of the Indians but continuously asserts that he has no Indian blood) and Uncas and Chingachgook (the only two living members of the oncegreat tribe know as Mohican). Together, the group sneaks through the woodsavoiding the French troops as well as the dangerous Hurons who have formed analliance with the French.The withstand is full of adventure. Earlier in the book, the travelers stop tospend the night in a cave near a waterfall, but they argon attacked by Maguas alliesthe Hurons. Hawkeye and the Mohicans managed to escape down the river butHeyward, Gamut, and the Munro sisters are all taken as prisoners by the Hurons.Magua then tells the group that he seeks revenge on colonel Munro. But before hehad the chance to act, Hawkeye and the Mohicans attacked the Hurons and cleanupedall but Magua who managed to escape.Although the book had a fictitious spin, a little research shows me that theevents and certain characters are more or less historically accurate. One occasionwas the Massacre of William Henry. Once the travelers arrived at their destination,they learned that the fort was receiving no more troops and would be forced thesurrender to General Montcalm and the French. Montcalm told Fort WilliamHenry that he would allow them to leave with all their belongings, without a fight.However, once the party left the f ort, they were surrounded and more or less everyonewas killed. The Munro sisters and David were once again captured by Magua.The book overly discusses the alliances between Europeans and Indians. TheFrench and English were quick to make friends with the Indians because theyknew they would need their help. The Indians knew the woods and how to liv... ... to see their enimies. They also were very careful notto leave tracks. They used the river whenever possible so their footprints could notbe followed. The Indians could even tell when someone had tried to cover theirtracks by the way branches had been broken and other things like that. I found theway Indians communicate to be very interesting. The Mohicans spoke about howthe Indians have one develop for everything and they change how they want toexpress that word with the pitch of there voice. The Mohicans stressed how muchthe tone of voice mattered to them. This book has enticed me to learn more about the Indians and their custom s.They seemed to kill animals for no reason but after they were questioned by theEuropeans they gave good answers. At one point in the book they killed a cervid andthen told Cora and Alice that the deer would have given them away and by killingthe young deer it wouldnt face any hardship that might have come its way. I alsofound their shouts of war interesting and I would like to learn more about them.The story itself is what really kept me reading though. It was suspenseful andexciting. In closing, Im glad I read this book.

Assisted Reproductive Technology Essay -- Infertility Medicine Papers

Assisted Reproductive Technology The act of reproduction is vital in sustaining the organism of any living creature. In fact, anthropologist Dr. Helen Fisher cites in her book Anatomy of Love that the most essential thing the human animal does is reproduce (Rutter, 1996). It is choice of the species reproduce or die out. In the human race, it is not a problem of extinction, but of conforming to social expectations. Fisher notes that men feel the insistence to plant the seed and women feel that motherhood is the sole factor of femaleness, while others feel that it is just an issue of humanitys need to control nature (Rutter, 1996). Granted, these atomic number 18 the opinions of only a few individuals, yet the topic of procreation is obviously a very important issue between marriage partners. But what happens when matchless spatenot reproduce? An estimated one out of every six couples in the United Sates has difficulty conceiving a child (Rogers, 1988). Fifty years ago, these inf ertile partners had only triplet options continue trying to have a baby through natural sexual intercourse, adopt a child, or simply remain barren. However, recent developments in reproductive technologies have created many alternative methods for conception. Assisted reproductive technologies caught on quickly, and in 1995 three million American couples sought procreative help (Rutter, 1996). on with the emergence of any new technology comes ethical and legal issues which must be considered, especially in Christian settings. However, it is possible that assisted reproductive technologies can be a realistic and ethical option for infertile couples, without compromising the covenants of the faith community. Definitions In order to understand the issues t... ...496. Lockwood, M. (1985). (Ed). Moral dilemmas in modern medicine. Oxford Oxford University Press. Nelson, J. B. (1973). gay medicine ethical perspectives on new medical issues. Minneapolis Augsburg Publishing House. Neuber ger, J. A. (1988, April 22). Tug of love troubles. Nursing Times, 22. Rogers, J. R. (Ed). (1988). Medical ethics-human choices. Scottdale, PA Herald Press. Rutter, V. T. (1996, March-April). Who stole fertility? psychology Today, pp. 46-49. Snyder, G. F. (1988). Tough choices. Elgin, IL Brethren Press. Thomasma, D. C. & Kushman, T. (Eds). (1996). Birth to death. New York Cambridge University Press. Weltman, J. J. (1997). Points to consider on the subject of surrogacy. Online. The American Surrogacy Center, Inc. Available http//www.surrogacy.com/legals/articles/points.html (1997, October 23).