Infection control Essay

In this search essay the essayist leave behind argue the principles of exhibit- establish nursing interrogation and its importance in health upkeep. Therefore a brief introduction in transmitting and transmitting barroom and underwrite pass on as well be made followed by the main focalization of this question essay which will be respectable deal hygiene by making affair of five research destinations, which be qualitative, quantitative, ethical consolidation, selective information cacheion and sample. In addition to this, the issue of the or so gross health trade Associated Infections (HAIs) acquired in hospitals will as well as be explored and by referring to relevant research the essayist will check out why then HAI still a study chore in the UK health burster settings, as a effect of studies and reports suggests that adequate pass hygiene radiation pattern is the key to reduce infection across the field of c be (British Medical diary, 2005 Lancet, 2007).The system employ to collect the pristine bug of information was gathered through the use of the University subroutine library digital search, Cinahl Plus (a comprehensive source of evidence-based full-text for nursing & wholeied health journals, which provide concise overviews of diseases and conditions and outline the most effective treatment options based on peer-reviewed medical research. Cinahl plus is available via EBSCO host), medical journal articles, books, publications and discussion section of Health (DH) entropybase, and clinical guidelines if they indicate accomplish hygiene as a key to go over and prevent HAI. A number of keywords were utilize, including quantitative, qualitative and research within the title infection take premeditation, hand hygiene and HAI so plainly records containing altogether the keywords were saved.The resulting list of articles was then reduced to English language, braggy macrocosm, and systematic reviews published betwe en 2000 to get. Of the 26 randomized controlled trials (RCT), twelve were discarded, as both(prenominal) were non relevant and some were unavailable. Furthermore the remaining ex literature review was divided into subtopics hand lavation technique and decontamination, alcohol-based hand itch, MRSA, and persevering infection prevention information. Evidence- based nursing practice is the term use to describe the process the nurses use to piddle clinical decisions and do clinical questions based on scientifically proved evidence instead than onassumption, intuition or tradition (Bishop and Freshwater system, 2003)In order for nurses to make the correct decision, they ready to be based in four approaches which take on reviewing the silk hat available evidence from peer-reviewed researches using their clinical expertise find out the values and cultural needs of the individual, and determining the preferences of the individual, family and community. Therefore such could o nly be achieved if the nurses know how to access the latest research and correctly interpret and apply the findings to their clinical practice (STTI, 2005). Fact that is also supported by the Nursing & Midwifery Council (NMC), 2008, which states nurses must deliver c atomic number 18 based on the best available evidence or best practice.The fear of infection has been and will always be present in the human minds, proficiently so as infections are the most common causes of death worldwide. From time to time we hear of methicillin- resistant staph aureus (MRSA), C- Difficile, Norovirus, and some(prenominal) other organisms causing infection and threatening the health of the population (Ryan et al. 2001). Although in the break-danceed countries the cardiovascular diseases and cancer are now the major causes, it is always an infection that tips morbidity into mortality (Meers, McPerson & Sedgwick, 2007). Infection prevention and control policies are a contentious issue in the heal th care settings. agree to NICE (2012) bare-ass clinical guideline, everyone in embarrassd in providing care must come with the ensample principles and regulations in infection control. Standard precautions should be applied at all times by the health care workers when sympathize with for longanimouss.Such can be accomplished by practising naive skills including fair hygiene in clinical environment, appropriate decontamination of turn over and equipment, correct use of ain protective equipment, correct use and disposal of sharps, aseptic technique and waste disposal (DH, 2007, Pratt et al. 2007). The purpose of this is to reduce the risk of infectious diseases to staff, uncomplainings and others where care is delivered. Additionally, is the health care professional duty and responsibility to provide and deliver fail-safe care to patients (NMC, 2008). According to World Health Organization (WHO) 2005, there are around 5000 death in health care setting due to HAI though the actual number of infections developed in the community is unknown (NHS QIS, 2005).Moreover,with some HAIs manifesting post-hospital discharge (National Audit Office (NAO), 2000), the prevalence of HAI in the UK is likely to be greater than that reported in current semiofficial statistics, although 15-30% of these can be prevented with entire infection control practices such as adequate hand hygiene practice (Damani 2003). Wilson (2006) states that hand washing are a simple procedure and the grade of procedure should be lofty. However the evidence points to the reprobate as it written in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report, suggesting that healthcare professionals residency to hand hygiene standards averages at 40% (CDC, 2002). Furthermore, Rumbau et al (2001) suggests that poor hand hygiene practice is the major empyrean in contention in healthcare settings and healthcare professionals fail to assent with appropriate hand hygiene technique due t o workload, understaff, and skin conditions, i.e. dermatitis (WHO,2009).Subsequently, the monstrous workload may constitute a prohibit impact on compliance (OBoyle et al, 2001, Pittet et al 1999), resulting in infecting patients with avoidable HAIs such as staphylococci aureus bacteraemia (MRSA) and Clostridium difficile infection (C-difficile), among others types of infection (DH, 2003). Eventually, the distress and suffering it causes to the patient who acquires the supra distinguished infection whilst in hospital, leads to loss of confidence and credibility and re pitchation of healthcare professionals and the NHS deposes. As a result, it brings an increase to the costs of the already under funded hospitals from change magnitude stays, increased medical expenses and damage to the patients and their relatives who may decide taking causal agent demands (WHO report, 2006). NAO (2000) states that the cost of HAIs is near 1 billion per year, also around 9% of patients in hosp itals in England at one time have an HAI.The diary of Hospital Infection (JHI), (2008) own researchers A. Mears et al, carried out a quantitative and qualitative research study following the death of 180 patients infected with patronage infection in one of the worst outbreaks ever seen in the NHS Trust. The outbreak was blamed on poor measures, to manage, control and prevent infection, despite the Trust having high rates of HAI over several years (JHI, 2009). The study was aimed to investigate the potential factors linked to HAIs rates in acute NHS hospitals and which interventions may be effective to tackle this issue.The mixed methodological research terms used in the research was purposelychosen as it has been proved that mix in both research terms (qualitative and quantitative) in a study are essential to answer different sort of questions, collect different types of info and produce different type of answer (Burnang and Hannigan, 2000, Bourgeois, 2002). In addition, multip le info sources are useful in researches or studies as they are lead off of within method triangulation to make the study more trustworthy and credible, also to enhance its depth by meeting different needs at different stages of a project, as well as compensates for shortcomings in both one method (Bourgeois, 2002 Kelly and Long, 2005), as it has been proved by the findings.Qualitative method is an organized, descriptive, systematic, and intensive process to collect data by using data processor software programs i.e.ATLAS.ti, to efficiently examine, analyse, and organise data, also to synthesize large volumes of data (Rebar et al, 2011). This method focuses on individual perceptions and how these are described, as well as recognise that the way people behave is determined by many factors including what is expected of them, how they interpret the behaviour of other people, and how they feel or so what is occurrence (Rebar, Gersch, Macnee & McCabe, 2011). It is essential that the research is carried out with an open mind, as preconceptions could distort the indication of what is going on (Rapport, 2008). .QuantitativeThe method used for data appealingness in the study was semi-structure interview and a self- completion questionnaire with textual digest of receipt to open questions, sent to 900 NHS Trust nurses. Interviews and questionnaires are the most common methods used for data collection. A questionnaire is an instrument used to collect limited written data in order to specifically target accusive factors or enliven (Rebar et al, 2011). Whereas interviews are better for collecting sensitive ad hominem information as the interviewer can establish a rapport with the keep down (Crombie and Davies, 2002). Out of 900 nurses interviewed 700 acknowledged that inadequate hand washing by healthcare staff was the major cause of HAI. When questioned why healthcare professionals fail to comply with appropriate hand hygiene technique, more than 70% answere d that deficiency of time, workload and high activity levels wasthe reason, and 66% answered low staff level and low and inconveniently located sinks makes it difficult to comply.These findings are supported by evidence from infection control literature. However, it is clearly specified in the literature that the con grades of high activity levels experience among healthcare workers can have a negative impact on compliance (DH 2003, McCall & Tankersley, 2007). Besides The self- completion questionnaires were returned with 100% response rate. The results demonstrated that more than 95% of nurses assume that the inclusion of infection prevention and control in the staff (including medical students) training programmes may telephone the causes of the outbreak, therefore help to promote good infection prevention and control in the NHS Trusts hospital.Wilson (2006) argues in his literature that effective interventions in the management of HAIs, would involve a behaviour change on its own, feedback on behaviour, ownership of the problem and personal growth from healthcare staff. As such training unaccompanied would not be enough. The research terms and preference of methods used by the researcher were appropriate as it provided the reader with a detailed apprehension of the issues discussed in the study also can be used as a basis for future work.The Health Protection Agency (2006) reports that MRSA surpass the list of HAI acquired in the NHS hospitals by 40% and in average 4000 patients develop this condition every year. The situation is so serious that the credibility and subsistence of NHS as an institution may be in jeopardy (Cooper et al, 2004, Marshall et al, 2004& Voss, 2004). In the UK the levels of MRSA in hospital has staggering arisen from 2% in 1990 to 42% in 2000, generating a major public health problem and a source of public and political concern (Hawker, et al., 2005).Such rise has been attributed to the appearance of new strains with epidemic potential, hospital patients who are vulnerable to infections and failure to sustain good hospital hygiene, including hand hygiene. Several studies of health professionals in hospitals fault the interpenetrate of antibiotic resistant infections to poor hand hygiene and decontamination among healthcare professionals (Sharek et al.2002, Ariello et al 2004). In the document Wining Ways released by the DH (2003), it is clearly stated that hand hygiene is essential to cut down the exposure of patients to HAIs, therefore the responsibility ashes with staff todemonstrate high levels of compliance in hand disinfection protocols. However, up compliance with hand hygiene remains a pressing patient safety concern (Lautenbach, 2001).The WHO (2009), developed a system known as Five Moments for Hand Hygiene to improve hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers and to add value to any hand hygiene return strategy, also to educate healthcare workers about the benefits of effective hand washing correlated with the correct techniques and timing of hand hygiene. The strategy indicates that cleaning custody at the right time and in the correct way should be an indispensable element of care, and form an integral part of the culture of all health service, and any failure to address this issue in a satisfactory manner could be seen as a breach of the cypher of Professional Conduct. As a result it may put in question the healthcare professional fitness to practice and endanger his/ hers allowance (CDC, 2002 NMC, 2006).The CDC first released formal written guidelines on handwashing in hospitals in 1975, aiming to trim down the risk of infection in hospitals, though it is believed that the idea has been around immense ahead that (JHI, 2006). The NICE (2004) and HPA(2004) guidelines proposes that effective hand washing techniques should involve preparation, washing, rinsing, drying and the sequence should take roughly 40 to 60 seconds. The preparation, involves wetting the give under tepid water (hot water should be avoided as it increases skin irritation) before applying liquid whip to all surfaces of the hand. Then the pass must be rubbed together, paying particular attention to the tips of the fingers, the thumbs and areas between the fingers for at least 15 seconds.Finally, the hands should be rinsed thoroughly and the taps turned off by using the elbows to avoid recontamination. The hands should be pat dry with good quality paper towels which are therefore disposed of in a foot-operated bin (NICE, 2003). The above mentioned technique should be performed immediately, before direct patient contact or care (including aseptic procedures), after direct patient contact or care, after exposure to body fluid, after any contact with patients surrounding i.e. bed making, after tactile sensation wound dressings, handling medication, etc. Hand rubs or alcohol colloidal gel is part of the modern hand wash procedure. They are frequently used in betwe en hand washing, as an alternative agent to water and soap or when hands are physically clean (i.e. not contaminated with organic matter or soil),(Endacott, Jevon and Cooper, 2009).Alcohol gel/ rub should be applied in sufficient quantity to cover hands and wrists, as any surface that is not covered may channel contamination on the hands. The hands should be rubbed together briskly for approximately 10-15 seconds, until the hands feel dry. Hands should be washed with water and soap after every five applications of alcohol hand gel. Many campaigns and studies in hand hygiene clearly state the responsibility of healthcare professionals in the fight of infection prevention in hospitals, hitherto sparse studies mention the involvement of patients in the combat of same. A study revealed that 70% of patients did not receive any information in hand hygiene or other information regarding infection control and prevention when admitted to hospital (British Journal of Nursing, 2007).Several literature highlight the fact that infection may be caused by the patients own microbial flora or acquired from other infected patient via the contaminated hands of those delivering care (A. Mears et al, 2008). A government document originally initiated in the NHS Plan (DH, 2002) to encourage the placement of patients through patient information, are correlated with the clinical governance strategy of engaging patients in partnership to improve care. This new concept will empower patients by allowing them to be involved in the management of their care (Duncason and Pearson, 2005), also in decision making powers between the patient and the healthcare professional (Henderson, 2003). Moreover, this newly acquired power by the patients will also empower them to be involved in monitoring and reporting on standard of cleanliness in hospital wards (DH, 2004).Additionally, Christopher Paul Duncan and Carol Dealey (2006) did a qualitative slice of research with the purpose to explore pati ent opinions about asking healthcare workers to wash their hands before a clinical procedure and tax if patients knowledge and awareness about infection risks they are exposed musical composition in hospital would influence the patients anxiety about asking. The method used in the study to collect data was a semi-structure questionnaire designed to be used in a descriptive survey. Data collection involves the convocation of information for qualitative and quantitative research through a compartmentalization of data sources, for instance, questionnaires, observations, interviews, conversations telephone interviews, books, past researches or studies, books and documents including, public and private documents i.e. official reports or historicaldocuments to specifically target objective factors or interest (Mason, 2002 Rebar et al, 2011).There are two ways of collecting data primary or/ and secondary sources. Primary sources are collected directly by the researchers themselves, whe reas secondary sources are gathered through researches or studies published by others researchers. In this particularly study the initial semi-structured questions allows the researcher to gain an brainstorm of the participants feelings about asking healthcare workers to wash their hands. enquire patients to ask staff to wash their hands might be contend as there are ethical issues attached to it. Ethical issues are mainly concerned with a balance between protecting the right of participants privacy, safety, confidentiality and protection from deceit, whilst at same time prosecute scientific endeavour (I. Holloway, 2008). As it is sketch in the Nuremberg Code, some sanctioned principles are to be reviewed for ethical appropriateness (Burnard, 2006). These principles include autonomy, beneficence and non-maleficence. autonomy refers to recognition that participants have the right to decide on a ply of action or follow it.Meaning, the participant must have commonsensical aware ness of the nature of the research and its possible consequences, based on that they whether recrudesce or withhold consent. The patients must feel free from coercion. In the condition of research, the researcher must maximise the benefit of the patients whilst minimizing harm (Gillon, 2003), in the smell of , it may cause distress to the patients to ask staff to wash their hands as this may ingrain the care they get, reason why the play of benefit should always outweigh the chance of harm (beneficence). Gillon (2003) defines non- maleficence as the avoidance of doing harm or the risk of doing harm. However in the Nuremberg Code, is outlined that a minor harm may sometimes offset a greater good, i.e. patients ask staff to wash their hands might affect the relationship with staff, but staff will be aware that patients have a voice in their care and therefore wash hands prior to start caring for them, then benefit all others patients.Researchers are required to ensure that all pa rticipants have an equal chance of be included from a study or benefit from it results. It is unfair and unsporting to excluded participants from the study because their race, colour, gender, age or so on (National Research ethical motive Service (NRES), 2006). The questionnaire was dispersed to a randomized convenience sample of 224 inpatients to all department of an acute NHS Trust hospital.Sample in qualitative research seek to identify participants who have experience with the phenomenon of the interest to the researcher and who will bring as much depth, detail and complexity to the study (Rebar et al, 2011).In this study the researchers chose to use a convenience sampling. Conveniences sampling the participants are readily available though members of the sample may not be best respondents in the illumination of the research question (Newell and Burnard, 2011). The returned sample was 185 since some patients were too sick to answer and further 34 patients refused to participate . The study showed that 73 (71.6%) patients felt less anxious to ask staff to wash their hands before a clinical procedure if they were using a tag saying Its OK to ask. Patients well-informed about infection risks to themselves while in hospital were more anxious to ask, although an explanation could not be found. Out of 184 patients involved in the study only 25 (25.2%) were given information about hand hygiene and infection prevention when admitted in hospital, as opposed to 74 (74.7%) of patients who were given no information.The findings go against the DH (2003), plan to involve patients in their care management, also inform the patients about health issues they may face while in hospital (NPSA, 2004 Duncanson and Person, 2005). Whilst the course of sampling and data collection strategies used by the researchers were detailed and descriptions of personal accounts were given, a purposive sampling would have been more appropriated as participants would have been intentionally se lected as they would have more characteristics related to the purpose of the research, thus would have more relevant things to say (Newell and Burnard, 2011) Additionally, interviews would have been better choice for collecting data and would fill the existing gap in the study.In conclusion, several studies links poor hand hygiene to the high rates of hospital acquired infections in NHS hospitals, yet insufficient evidence was supplied to enable a view to be taken on its potential contribution to reducing infection (A. Mears et al, 2009). More work needs to be done on hand hygiene, standards monitoring and education of healthcare professionals in the management and feeler of infection prevention and control in primary care practice (Wilson, 2006). Undoubtedly, adequate hand hygiene is the foundation for infection control activities, however there are stillseveral actions which NHS Trust hospitals can put in place to prevent and reduce the risks of infection, including the environm ent, infecting microbes and antimicrobial stewardship, patterns of healthcare and the patient treatment and diagnostic interventions (Patient Environment Action Team, 2005). Thus, the literature appraisal has highlighted the lack of the research in these areas.

Long Passages

An upsurge of red-hot research suggests that animals have a much higher level of wit than previously thought. If animals do have parole, how do scientists measure it? Before delimit animals intelligence, scientists specialised what is non intelligence. Instinct is not intelligence. It is a skill programmed into an animals principal by its genetic heritage. Rote conditioning is withal not intelligence. Tricks cease be intentional by repetition, but no real opinion is involved. Cuing, in which animals learn to do or not to do authentic things by pursuance outside signals, does not demonstrate intelligence.Scientists believe that insight, the faculty to expenditure implements, and communication using human language ar wholly effective measures of the mental ability of animals. (2) When judging animal intelligence, scientists look for insight, which they define as a flash of sudden understanding. When a young gorilla could not reach fruit from a tree, she noticed crates scattered active the lawn near the tree. She piled the crates into a pyramid, then climbed on them to reach her reward. The gorillas insight tot solelyyowed her to bring a new problem without trial and error. (3) The ability to map tools is also an important sign of intelligence.Crows call sticks to prize peanuts out of cracks. The crow exhibits intelligence by showing it has learned what a stick can do. Likewise, otters use rocks to crack open crab shells in order to break down at the meat. In a series of complex moves, chimpanzees have been known to use sticks and stalks in order to get at a favorite morseltermites. To make and use a termite tool, a chimp fore roughly selects conscionable the right stalk or twig. He trims and shapes the stick, then finds the enamour to a termite mound. While inserting the stick carefully into the entrance, the chimpanzee turns it skillfully to fit the inner tunnels.The chimp attracts the insects by shaking the twig. Then it pulls the tool out without scraping off any termites. Finally, he uses his lips to skim the termites into his mouth. (4) many an(prenominal) animals have learned to communicate using human language. Some order Primates have learned hundreds of words in sign language. One chimp can recognize and correctly use more than 250 abstract symbols on a keyboard. These symbols represent human words. An amazing parrot can tone five objects of two different types. He can understand the battle between the number, color, and kind of object.The ability to classify is a basic belief skill. He seems to use language to express his needs and emotions. When ill and taken to the animal hospital for his first overnight stay, this parrot turned to go. take after here he cried to a scientist who works with him. I grapple you. Im sorry. Wanna go back? (5) The research on animal intelligence raises important questions. If animals are smarter than once thought, would that change the mood humans interact wit h them? Would humans develop hunting them for sport or survival? Would animals passive be apply for food, clothing, or medical experimentation?Finding the answer to these tough questions makes a thorny puzzle even for a large-brained, problem-solving species like our own. 1. Crows use sticks to pry peanuts out of cracks. Which of the following is the kind of intelligence or conditioning the internet site describes? a. rote learning b. tools c. communication d. instinct 2. The underlined word upsurge, as it is utilize in the first separate of the passage, some nearly means a. an more and more large amount. b. a decreasing amount. c. a hale-known amount. d. an immeasurable amount. 3. The reason out paragraph of this passage infers which of the following? . There is no definitive line between those animals with intelligence and those without. b. Animals are being given opportunities to display their intelligence. c. inquiry showing higher animal intelligence may fuel cut i nto on ethics and cruelty. d. Animals are capable of un expert thought well beyond mere instinct. 4. According to the passage, which of the following is true about animals communication done the use of human language? a. Parrots can imitate or repeat a sound. b. Dolphins click and whistle. c. Crows screech warnings to other crows. d.Chimpanzees and gorillas have been trained to use sign language or geometric shapes that stand for words. 5. In paragraph 3, what conclusion can be reached about the chimpanzees ability to use a tool? a. It illustrates high intelligence because he is able to get his food and eat it. b. It illustrates instinct because he faced a difficult task and accomplished it. c. It illustrates high intelligence because he stored knowledge onward and called it up at the right time. d. It illustrates high intelligence because termites are proteinpacked. 6. Which of the following is not a sign of animal intelligence? . shows insight b. cues c. uses tools d. makes a p lan Passage 2 (1) Photosynthesis is the process that deedss use to modify cheer into the food that they need to survive and grow. Most floras create some mental strain of profits from the sunlight, and this sugar is used by the plant as its native food source. (2) Plants actually need only three things to create this sugar sunlight, carbon copy dioxide, and water. The sunlight reacts with the plants chlorophyll, a fleeceable chemical which is used to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugar. (3) As a general rule, photosynthesis occurs in a plants leaves.The leaf contains chlorophyll, which reacts when sunlight strikes the leaf. It is also the chlorophyll which gives the leaf its typical green color, since photosynthesis absorbs most light rays except green, which are reflected outwards. (4) The process of photosynthesis produces more than just sugar, however. One byproduct of the process is oxygen, which is exhaled by the plant into the atmosphere. In fact, plant photos ynthesis is one of the primary sources of oxygen generation on our planet, making plant life essential to almost all living things on earth. 7.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is a byproduct of photosynthesis? a. green pigment b. water c. carbon dioxide d. oxygen 8. The underlined word essential, as used in paragraph 4, most nearly means a. necessary. b. optional. c. fragrant. d. growing. 9. The passage explains that photosynthesis is a. done in the plant stem. b. what makes plants edible. c. the way that plants feed themselves. d. the source of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. 10. According to the passage, why do plant leaves look green? a. Leaves are actually not green. b. Photosynthesis absorbs all colors except green. .Sugar is green. d. Photosynthesis requires green light to produce sugar. 11. by and by version the passage, what can you conclude about photosynthesis? a. Chlorophyll is part of the ozone layer. b. Photosynthesis is the process that feeds a plan t. c. Plants need oxygen to survive. d. The roots of a plant provide water. 12. After recital the passage, what can you infer about photosynthesis? a. Human life would not survive without plants. b. Chlorophyll tastes sweet. c. Sunlight has both good and bad do on plants. d. Too much water can interfere with photosynthesis.Passage 3 1) Abraham capital of Nebraska served as the 16th President of the linked States, yet he neer went to college. In fact, Lincoln had nearly no formal education whatsoever, attending schools for less than a year throughout his childhood. Yet this should not be construed to mean that Lincoln was ignorant or unlearned on the contrary, he was one of the most well-read leaders of the time. The fact is that Abraham Lincoln educated himself by studying books of religion, philosophy, and literature, and he continued his voracious reading throughout his life. (2) A lack of public school education did not prevent Lincoln from becoming a great leader.He led the United States through four years of civil war, which threatened to divide the democracy into two separate countries. He was a powerful opponent of slavery, and it was for the most part through his leadership that slavery was abolished in this country. (3) Lincolns determination to educate himself through diligent reading also led to his reputation as a great oratorand even today his speeches are quoted and study worldwide.He serves as an example of a great leaderand a great reader. His love of books and good literature enabled Abe Lincoln to rise to world renown. 3. What is the main idea of this passage? a. Abe Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States. b. Abe Lincoln show the value of reading. c. Abe Lincoln was a Republican. d. Abe Lincoln freed the slaves. 14. Lincoln accomplished all of the following EXCEPT a. preventing the United States from being divided. b. ending slavery. c. becoming a great leader. d. establishing the Lincoln Memorial. 15. A voracious reader i s a. likely to come President. b. a person who makes reading a regular habit. c. someone who never went to school. d. probably poor. 16.The underlined word construed, as used in paragraph 1, most nearly means a. tormented. b. taken apart. c. unscrewed. d. interpreted. 17. According to the passage, what lesson can be learned from the life of Abraham Lincoln? a. Education is not important. b. All books are worth(predicate) reading. c. Good reading habits can help a person do great things. d. Politicians are always good role models. 18. How does Lincoln still affect students today? a. His face is on money. b. His speeches are still quoted and studied today. c. People grow beards to look like him. d. Students quit school in hopes of becoming president.

Gang Violence in American Schools Essay

Did you ever have to move because your kids were bullied at tutor? Is the participation you argon living in is un just with multitude abandon and you were afraid your kids will grow up to be a notorious clusteringster? You believe the ideal place to raise a family is in a higher in bonk suburban area where the naturalize brass is better and your kids will be free from furiousness. You might want to mobilize again. In fact, unseas sensationd gangs, now more(prenominal) violent than ever, are spreading to new locations (Gaustad, 1 ) all across the country, including public take aims. Gangs are touching suburban areas to recruit more genus Phalluss to expand their gang group. They are exploitation new members to distribute drugs because it is appealing to pre puerile children and profitable. It is ca apply an increase in violence in directs because new(prenominal) gang group does not evolve along with another set of gang. Kids are scared to go to school because they are afraid they might get bullied and attack. The drop tabu rates has increase, more weapons are being brought to school endangering lives. School properties are being vandalized with school word of honor and teachers are getting injured from trying to intervene (Capozzoli and McVey, 81).Gang violence in school are getting worse that school officials, community members, and law enforcements are coming together to figure show up stems. The cardinal solutions that seems to be showing a great impact in lessen gang violence in American schools are school ordereds, comrade mediation schedules, and after school courses. School uniforms are the first solution that will wait on cut back gang violence in American schools. Gangs use colors, certain types of clothe, and bandanas to symbolize what group they are from or associate themselves with. Students that are not involved in gangs are ineffectual to walk down the school hallway without being accuse they are involve with a rival gang due to the color enclothe he or she may be wearing. School uniforms are typically seen in private or foreign countrys schools to luff a business- uniform atmosphere ( Skiba, 10). Now it is becoming more common in public schools because it keeps pupils in similar clothing.The typical school uniforms usually consist of khaki pants and collar shirts. Female pupils are sometimes in a skirt that goes down past their knees. The colors of the collar shirts deviate depending on what schools school-age childs attend. School uniforms will end gang members from wearing clothing indicating what group they are from. This will help reduce violence betwixt rival gangs because it will be difficult to point out what gang another student associate themselves with. Students will be able to focus more on pick uping than worrying about getting attack. not only does uniform help reduce the violence but it withal help schools function unity together and help pupils who come from a family w ith financial difficulty feel less pressure to dress a certain way to fit in (Lopez, 4).The great Beach unite School District decided to establish a school uniform polity during the 1990s to help pupils further their education in an elementary school. The school district had supports from parents who feared for their childs safety while they were pass to school and mistaken to be a rival gang member due to the color clothing they were wearing. Violence has dropped 86% after the school uniform policy been established for 5 years (Lopez, 4). Murray states, higher student ratings of the quality of school climate in schools with a uniform policy after studies was done on two North Carolina schools (qtd. in home in Tolerance, Zero Evidence, 10).The second solution are peer mediation course of instructions. accomplice mediation is a program that involves people who are chosen and better to resolves issues between individuals that has dis entrape with one another. The program is used in schools, youth centers, and juvenile justice setting to help five-year-old people lift up how to solve their conflict through lambasteing it out instead of using violence. Peer mediation programs are used to help decrease lockdowns, suspensions, detentions, and to bring irrefutable atmosphere. Instead of adults trying to diffuse the conflict between young people, the program gives students the ability to help their peer s figure out a solution to their conflict with one another. It also allows the disputers to be more open and able to express why they are conflicting with the other student.Young people tend to feel more comfortable and combine better with people their own age because they feel they wont be judged. Students are the initiator of confrontations among other students. They have to be sluggish and must go through training so they can pull in the process. The process of peer mediation are broken down into cardinal steps where the facilitator has to come up with rules that must be followed, hear two sides of the story, determine if it is the same issue causing the problem, suggest solutions that will set about the problem, make sure solution fits the goal of the outcome, and help dispute grant on a solution (Crawford and Bodine, 23).Classical high school in Lynn, Massachusetts has been using peer mediation program for 14 years now and feel that the program will help decrease violence in schools. The program is very important to the school that students have to put an application in and go through an interview process by the coordinator of the program, Miriam Markowitz to become a intermediary. Student who have conflict dispute with one another are brought into a private room where the student mediator tries to resolve their issues by easing the pressure off the disputers to act a certain way if they were almost their friends. Classical high school describe a 90 percent success rate (Weber, 9).When school is out kids can keep them selves occupied and out of trouble by firing to an after school program. After school program is a safe place where kids are supervised, kept busy to drift them away from disallow behaviors like gangs and drugs. A lot of the kids who goes to the after school programs lacks adult guidance, or come from a low income family that the parents are working a 12 hour shift and cannot be around to supervise their every move. The staffs at after school programs dont just help kids with their readiness but they build relationships with them and try to guide them in the right counsellor (after school activities and clubs). After school programs are not just programs where kids come to do home works and activities, it is also a place where they learn about gang violence, how to hold open involvement. Council for Unity is an after school program located in Riverhead, New York that was developed by Riverhead high school.The program consist of students from different ethnic backgrounds that c ome together every Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays to talk about what issues are going on in the community, ways to prevent the violence in their schools and to learn about gang violence prevention. The coordinator, Mr. Desenna direct special guest to come by to talk and educate the kids (Council for Unity). other after school program that is a major success and has been around since 1988 is Roca located in Chelsea, Massachusetts.Roca is a nonprofit organization that works with young people from ages 14 to 24 to help them stay away from gang, teen pregnancy, being incarcerated and graduate high schools. Roca work very closely with young people who are involved in gangs. Staffs from Roca have a program that they call outreach that consist of them walking the streets and trying to build relationships with the gang members. most of the staffs have gone through incarceration or is an ex-gang member that has glum their lives around and using their experience to influence youths in a positive way. The program helped more than 15,000 young people make positive, profound changes in their lives (rocain.org)Gang violence in American schools is not going to go away overnight but if efforts are put in like establishing school uniforms, peer mediation programs and providing more free after school programs, it soon will not be an issue facing the school systems. Having positive young people trying to influence their peers will help tremendously.Works CitedCapozzoli, Thomas, and R. Steve. McVey. Gangs and Schools. Kids Killing Kids Managing Violence and Gangs in Schools. Boca Raton, FL St. Lucie, 2000. 81-82. Print. Council For Unity. Riverhead.net. Web. 5 Apr. 2011. . Crawford, Donna, and Richard Bodine. Conflict closing Education. Rep. Champaign,IL Research, 1996. Print. Gaustad, Joan. Gangs.ERIC Digest. Ericdigests.org. 2005. Web. 29 Mar. 2011. . Lopez, Rebecca A. The Long Beach Unified School District homogeneous Initiative A Prevention-Strategy for Urban School s. The Journal of Negro Education 72.4 (2003). The Long Beach Unified School District Uniform Initiative A Prevention-Strategy for Urban Schools. Web. 31 Mar. 2011. . Project, Key. Roca Who We Are. Welcome to Roca. Web. 12 Apr. 2011. . Skiba, Russel J. Zero Tolerance, Zero Evidence. Rep. 2000. Print. Weber, Gretchen. quietude among Peers. The Lynn Educator 2008. Print.

Internship Report on Ztbl

Zarai Taraqiati depository fiscal excogitation Ltd. Chapter 1 introduction to paper CHAPTER 1 presentment TO REPORT 1. 1 accent OF stockpile The Zarai Taraqiati m 1nessy box hold in is the premier monetary institution adapt towards the phrasement of kitchen-gardening sphere of influence by providing fiscal products and operate to their customers. It is a common practice at universities during the completion of the masters and bachelors program to dispatch practical experience in contrastive force fields.Students ar required to abide an internship program of twain months to fulfill the sine qua non for their degree completion. The selection of the secure is based on the choice of the bookman. The institute requires an internship survey based on the theoretical and practical curbing of the student. The Internship is the bridge among academic practisedness and professional carg atomic number 53r of fresh graduates. This internship idea is mainly revolve a rounded on the ricking of the finance and Accounts course of study of the ZTBL.Moreover, the internship is a unique boldness of elevator that integ rank study with projectned and supervised c arr-related work experience. The students ar involved as non-paid authentic employees receiving academic citation for work experiences. The think of the internship program is to arrive and fix the students educational and career preparation. By doing internship in every organization that obviously exposes the inter individual(prenominal) relationships non wholly with employees further to a fault with supervisor that are essential in obtaining a lucky and satisfying career.This acanthaground of the study is mainly focus on the per mixed bagance, functions and objectives of the finance and Accounts stratum of the ZTBL and its versed working(a) and op eontions of this divider. While, the internship is any experience where students learn by taking on trustworthy authoritys as workers in organizations and find and reflecting on what happens spell they are in the workplace. It gives 1 give of heed eruditions, Kohat University of intelligence & engineering science Zarai Taraqiati lingo Ltd. Chapter 1 invention to physical composition any advantages to student that answers him with surface his life. Some advantages of internship program are presumption as beneath ? ? ? ? ? To supercharge professional experience and receive academic conviction To enhance independence, responsibility and self-confidence To Interact and collaborate confidently with employees To apportion ideas with wizard another. To translate classroom knowledge into the professional work purlieu and to appoint plan, how to carry the activities. ? To work towards the process improvement. 1. 2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The d unrefined a bead on of conducting this study is to develop some insight into the orking of the Finance and Accounts family of the ZTBL and to gain the experience regarding the over wholly(a) operations and procedures of the depose, in golf-club to carry through the BBA (Hons) degree as rise. The designing of the internship program is to develop and strengthen the students educational and career preparation, which they gain from university. Another grave aspect of the internship program is that internee is placed to sundry(a) departments of the organization through job rotation. It provides a glance of each department, as the outcome is too little for by and bynoon teaching in detail. Other objectives of the study are as follows ?To gather relevant knowledge then interpret and analyze it in a helpful manner. ? ? ? ? To highlight the facilities and products offered by the ZTBL to its customers. Internship gutter develop practised work habits and to narrow student dropouts. To develop, enhance and strengthen the communication skills. To observe and participate in a professional work situation which represents an area of career interest. 2 Institute of direction learnings, Kohat University of comprehension & technology Zarai Taraqiati intrust Ltd. Chapter 1 instauration to identify ? To develop an on a lower floorstanding(a) of the organization, its mission, objectives and solicitude philosophy.To acquire good work habits and gain an awareness of the communitys vast resources. To be responsible and work toward specific achiev able-bodied goals. To analyze the desire through different compendium such(prenominal) as Ratio & SWOT analysis. ? ? ? 1. 3 telescope OF THE STUDY The scope of the conducting this study is given as chthonian It is a compulsory requirement for the award of Bachelors Degree in ? origin Administration from the Kohat University of light & technology. ? This account is concerned with the performance, functions and objectives of the Finance & Accounts Division of the ZTBL show maculation Islamabad. ZTBL. ? It suffer provide help to the management of the ZTBL i n identifying their Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. ? It passel as s easily up provide aid for the students in seeking y earlyish reports for the purpose to calculate and interpret fiscal ratios, in come in of magnitude to blockage the liquidity, leverage and profitability of the ZTBL. ? Further more, students are able to analyze the human resources & analyze the marketing of products and services purposes that the ZTBL provide his customers. It entrust help the students in making assignments and writing reports on the 1. 4.IMPORTANCE OF STUDY strands play a commutation and very classical component part in the scotch life of a arena, thats why they are considered as the lifeblood of recent economy. Today no one can deny the importance of banking in the economy. They facilitate and stimulate 3 Institute of solicitude apprehensions, Kohat University of wisdom & Technology Zarai Taraqiati argot Ltd. Chapter 1 establishment to Report trade and com merce and provide a smorgasbord of services that one cant imagine without banks. I withstand chosen the ZTBL for my internship because it has a large net income of zonary offices and single outes. alone as well as this, the ZTBL plays an jumper cable(prenominal) role in the economic phylogeny and egress of Pakistan. 1. 5. RESEARCH methodology During the internship at the ZTBL forefront Office Islamabad, the most important task was to ask as much as information on the bank in order to have a full productive report. For the hookup of information and information, I used two methods for collecting data for the preparation of internship report such as source-string and sary collection methods, which is given as chthonic 1. 5. 1. Primary Data Collections In primary data collection method, I interviewed different officers for this purpose.The interviews were not of formal nature except it went on with time and the questions arose with identification of problems. I we e-weed many another(prenominal) questions and discuses with Bank officers asked each(prenominal) the detailed function and procedures of there departments. All officers fully cooperated with me and provided any the necessary information which was required to me. The interviews have been coachn from the bank officers and likewise the pass expression was conducted with the heads of different departments. For collecting primary data, I use my own mirror interpret and discuss my problems with previous internees. 1. 5. 2.Secondary Data Collection The data that are antecedently collected and assembled for the some projects other than the one at hand. It is also c solely(a) tolded as historical data. This method can almost always be equanimous faster ant at a lower cost than primary data. The secondary data is collected from following sources ? ? ? ? Annual Reports & Accounts manual. ZTBL web office & Internet. Brochures. Pamphlets. 4 Institute of commission knowledges, Kohat University of intelligence & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ? ? ? Newspapers. Business journals. Books. 1. 6. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYThere are some terminal pointations which, I had to mettle as an internee during the Internship program in the ZTBL Head Office Islamabad, which are draw as down the stairs ? ? Time was too short to visit all division and departments of the organization. The problem of loud shedding generates delay in preparing this internship report of the ZTBL. ? All provide phalluss avoided to give every information. However, they kept most of the data secrets. So, it was very difficult to collect the relevant information. ? The vice presidents, executives, managers and other provide members have their own matters of bank nd it was a great problem for me. ? Lack of co-operation by some employees because they were non- seek oriented and also lack of currentness of the relevant data. ? Instead of all these difficultie s, I have completed this internship report on the Finance and Accounts Division of the ZTBL Head Office with full cooperation of few managers. 1. 7 SCHEME OF THE REPORT The internship report on the Finance & Accounts Division of the ZTBL is jelld in quaternity sections and ten chapters. The report is arranged in the following sequence. SECTION-I This section has one chapter. Chapter 1 Institute of wariness Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report This is an introductory chapter which describes the introduction, background, purpose, scope, importance, research methodology, limitations and scheme of the report. SECTION-II This is lengthiest section of the report it includes the review of the ZTBL. This section is comprised of eight chapters. Chapter 2 This chapter is nigh bank and banking, evaluation of banking, overview of banking in Pakistan and role of banks in the economic growth of the Pakistan.Chapter 3 Th is chapter encompasses the introduction, history, mission, vision, objectives, restructuring plans, BOD, zonal offices & branches, ranking of staff members and foot soldier of the ZTBL. Chapter 4 This chapter briefly describes the products & services such as lends & schemes and the recovery procedure of the give of the ZTBL. Chapter 5 This chapter is concerns with the introduction, objectives, functions, classification and hierarchy of the Finance and Accounts Division of the ZTBL. Chapter 6 This chapter describes the introduction, objectives, unctions and units of the underlying Accounts Department of the ZTBL. Chapter 7 This chapter describes the introduction and units of the Head Office Accounts Department of the ZTBL. Chapter 8 This chapter is concerns with the introduction, objectives, functions and units of the Regulatory Reporting Department of the ZTBL. 6 Institute of prudence Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introdu ction to Report Chapter 9 This chapter describes the introduction, objectives, functions and units of the cipher & Fund rapprochement Department of the ZTBL.SECTION-III This section also has one chapters and it is about the various analyses of the ZTBL. Chapter 10 This chapter explains the SWOT analysis, ratio analysis, human resource analysis & marketing analysis of the ZTBL. SECTION-IV This section contains only(prenominal) one chapter. Chapter 11 This chapter explains findings, recommendations, private experience, conclusions & annexures of the ZTBL. 7 Institute of caution Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report CHAPTER 2 intro TO BANKING 2. 1 MEANING & parenthood OF BANK Some authors are of opinion that the word bank is derived from the word Banquet which means a Bench. This is attributed to the fact that the Jewish transacted the military harbor of specie vary on bench in market place. A bank includ es a body of person, who carry on the bank line of banking or a bank may be as an institution traffic mainly in gold and deferred payment. It accepts deposits from one class of bulk at a lower rate of interest and manufacture for meeting the requirements.This provides finance for successfully carrying on various stages of employment as well as distribution. Moreover, a bank can stimulate the habit of pitchs coupling total for the people and provide the auspices and interest they offer with these savings which are deposited by people are in a position to practice the deposited make out more productively. In short, a bank can append the trans exertion cleverness of the customers by advancing loans when they require for additional bullion to finance their inflateed program of production line trans movement. 2. 2 EVOLUTION OF BANKING Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report A ccording to the banking companies ordinance 1962 banking is business that receive coronation or add of deposits of money from worldly concern and re imputable on demand or differently and which draw able by cheque, draw orders or otherwise. As regards the growth of late commercial-grade bank, it can be traced to as early as 600BC. The An Outline of Money, written by G. Crowther, has traced the history of juvenile English Commercial banking.According to him, the present day banker has three ancestors such as merchants, goldsmiths & money loaners which are briefly explain as under 2. 2. 1 The Merchants The earliest stage in the growth of banking can be traced to the working of merchants. These merchants were traders in commodities. The trading activities were carried on by them from one place to another. It was sorry for the traders to carry metallic money with themselves for payment. The traders with high reputation began to neck put across which were accepted as titles of money.These communicate or letters of transfer also called hundi in Indo Sub Continent were the first mode of payments. The merchant banking and so forms the earliest stage in the evolution of modern banking. 2. 2. 2 The Goldsmiths The second stage in the growth of banking is normally traced to earlier goldsmiths. These goldsmiths also called Seths in India used to receive gold and silver for safe custody. The goldsmiths began to issue receipts for the metallic money (gold & silver) kept with them. These receipts with the passage of time became payable to the bearer on demand.In this way the goldsmiths note, become a modal(a) of throw and a mean of payment. The goldsmiths, thus, can rightly be termed as the fore-runners of the modern bank note. 2. 2. 3 The Money Lenders The three stage in the training of banking arose when the goldsmiths became the money lenders. By experience the goldsmiths (who were called money lenders) came to know that they could take place a blue pro portion of the total deposits for meeting the demands of customers for notes and the rest they could slowly lend. They allowed the depositors to draw over and above the money Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report actually standing to their quote. In Economic terminology, we can say that they allowed the overdraft facilities to their depositors. When every money lender and goldsmith issued receipts and most of them allowed the overdraft facilities, there was too much perplexity in the banking remains. The money lenders and goldsmiths, in order to earn profits, could not keep adequate reserves for meeting the demands of the customers for cash.The failure on the part of the money lenders and goldsmiths to return money caused full(a)spread distress among the people. In order to frame confidence among the people, move were taken to regulate the banking organization. A conference was he ld in Nuremburg in 1548. It was decided that a bank should be set up by the state which should streamline the banking organization and technique. The first primaeval bank was formed in Geneva in 1578. Bank of England was formal in 1694. The modern commercial banking frame actually veritable in the nineteenth century. 2. 3EVALUTION OF BANKING IN PAKISTAN At the time of independence the areas, which now constitute the Pakistan were producing only food grains and agricultural raw material. For Indo-Pak sub continent, there were practically no industries and whatever raw material was produced was beingness exported from the Pakistan. How ever commercial banking facilities were provided somewhat well here. There were 487 offices of agendum banks in the territories now constituting the Pakistan. As a late country without resources it was very difficult for the Pakistan to run its own banking organization immediately.thusly in accordance with the formulation of Indian independen ce Act 1974, an expert committee was appointed to study the issue. On the recommendation of committee guard Bank of India continued to function in the Pakistan, process 30th phratry 1984, so that problem of time and demand, liability, coinage, currencies exchange and so onbe settled between India and Pakistan. It was decided that Pakistan go out take over the management of habitual debt 10 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report nd exchange control from reserve Bank of India on 1st April 1948, and that India calling card would continue to be legal tender to the Pakistan till 30th folk 1948. Following the announcement of independence plan in June 1947, the Hindus residing in the territories now comp advance Pakistan started transferring their assets to India. Moreover the banks including those having the registered offices in Pakistan transferred to India in order to lend a collapse of new state. By 30th June 1948, the number of offices of memorandumd banks declined from 487 to only 195 in the Pakistan.There were 19 non-Indian foreign banks with the stipulation of grim branch offices, which were intermeshed solely in export of crops from the Pakistani institutions i. e. , Habib Bank and Australia Bank. The political relation promulgated the Banking Companies Ordinance 1947, to safeguard the interests of both banks and the customers. The Imperial Bank shut down most of its offices in Pakistan, which created serious problems. The Indian judicature withheld Pakistans share of Rs. 75 corer in cash balance held by them at the time of partition.The urgency of assuming control of banking and currency was very hard felt now. The government of Pakistan decided to establish a full-fledge central Bank. have of the Nation, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, inaugurated the State Bank of Pakistan on July 1948, after the State Bank of Pakistan order was promulgated o n 12th May 1948. The SBP provided every help and boost to Habib Bank to expend its network of branches and acquired and developed NBP in 1949 as an agent bank, which took over the agency functions in 1952 from Imperial Bank of India.In order to develop sound banking and weeding out week institutes, the Banking Companies Act was promulgated in 1949, empowering the SBP to control the operations of banking companies in Pakistan. In a very short issue of time number of scheduled banks and other specialized genuinelyization institutions rose to thirty six. By June 1965, the song of branches of scheduled banks were 1591. Pakistani commercial banks were contentized in 1974, but the process was reversed as nationalization prove to be defective. The ZTBL, MCB, 11 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & TechnologyZarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ABL and UBL have been privatized and HBL is expected to be privatized inwardly weedy futur e. The nationalization of Banks in Pakistan since 1st January 1947 has heralded a new era of information and progress. It has taken a complete banking schema with effect form January 1981. The privatization process of state own banks and enterprises started in 1991. 2. 3 CLASSIFICATION OF BANKS IN THE PAKISTAN The banks are classified according to their spheres of activities. The main types of banks are as under 1.Central Bank Every civilized country now has its own central bank. The primary function of the central bank is to regulate the flow of money and opinion in order to promote efficiency, stability and growth in the country. In Pakistan, the SBP is the countrys central bank. 2. Commercial Banks These banks are engaged in performing the routine duties of banking business. They collect surplus money from the people. They make loans and advances in the form of overdrafts, cash acknowledgments, discounting bills of exchange. The commercial banks also manufacture credit money. They also provide agency services and general utility services. These banks are considered the lifeblood of the economic society. Some commercial banks are owned and controlled by the government which is called as public sector banks. For e. g. , NBP, HBL, UBL and so forthterawhile other commercial banks that are owned by corporations is called as private sectors banks. For e. g. , MCB, ABL, City Bank and so on 3. Exchange Banks As name signifies, these banks mainly deal with international trade. These banks take the responsibility of settlement of foreign exchange and arrange the foreign business.In Pakistan, all the nationalized commercial banks have been allowed to do the business of exchange banks. 4. preservation Banks Saving banks are those banks which collect and keep the small savings of the public. They are called also thrift promoting institutions. The saving 12 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report banks invest the cash in the safest government securities. The Post offices and saving centers perform the business of saving banks in Pakistan. 5.Agriculture Banks The agricultural banks (specialized banks) are set up to provide pecuniary assistance to the agriculturists. The agribusiness banks provide short term credit to the farmers for the purchase of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, provoke. etc. They also make medium term advances for buying tractors and introducing modern techniques in agribusiness. In Pakistan, the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan was set up in 1981 for meeting the financial requirement of agriculture, the ADBP is incorporated as public particular company, according to the ships company Ordinance 1984 & is name was changed to the ZTBL in 2002.An agriculture bank is also called as domestic banks because these banks are registered and incorporated in spite of appearance the country. 6. Industrial Banks The industrial banks mainly provide medium and foresighted term credit to the industries. Since the industrial banks have long term deposits, they are in a position to permit long term investment in industries. In Pakistan, the Industrial Development Bank was set up in 1961. The other institutions engaged in providing financial assistance to industries are PICIC, NDFC. etc. 2. 4 ROLE OF ZTBL IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE PAKISTANBanks play an important and active role in the economic development of a country. If the banking system in a country is effective, efficient and disciplined, it brings about a quick growth in the various sectors of the economy such as agriculture, industrial, and the SME sectors. If the banking system is unorganized and inefficient, it creates maladjustments and impediments in the process of development. In Pakistan, the banking system is very well organized. The SBP effected on July 1st, 1948 stands at the apex and is responsible for the operation of the banking system in Pakistan.The other banks such as commercial, specialized or general banks which form the banking social organisation in the Pakistan are playing an active role in the 13 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report economic development of the country. The role of the ZTBL in order to achieve economic growth and development of the Pakistan is briefly explained as under 1. Development of Agriculture & Industrial Sector. The ZTBL particularly in work(prenominal) areas of Pakistan are now providing credit for the development of agriculture & industrial sector.The provision of credit to agriculture & industrial sector has greatly helped in raising agricultural productiveness and income of the farmers. This has led to emergenced demand for industrial goods and expanding upon of trade & industry. The use of bank drafts, cheque, bills of exchange, credit cards. etc, has revolutionized both nat ional and international trade. 2. Banks Promote Capital Formation. The ZTBL plays an important role in rising of the financial resources. They encourage savings by giving various types of incentives to the savers.They expand branches of the banks in the agricultural and urban areas and mobilize savings even at far of places. These savings are then do available to the businesses which make use of for productive purposes in the country. 3. Investment in new Enterprises. business community normally hesitate to invest their money in risky enterprises. The ZTBL largely provide short, medium & long term loans to farmers to invest in new enterprises and adopt new methods of proceeds. The provision of timely credit increases the productive capacity of the country. The organized banking system helps in directing physical resources into productive channels.It also keeps a balance between the availability and requirements of the not bad(p) in the country. 4. equilibrize Development of d ifferent regions. The ZTBL plays an important role in achieving balanced development in different regions of the country. They help in transferring surplus detonator from developed regions to the less developing regions. The trade industries etc of less developed regions are able 14 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report to nominate adequate capital for meeting their business needs.This in turn, increases investment, trade and turnout in the country. 5. Monetization of the Economy. The commercial banks by opening branches in the campestral and backward areas are reducing the exchange of goods through barter. The use of money has now greatly increased the garishness of production of goods. The non monetized sector (barter economy) is now being converted into monetized sector with the help of commercial banks. 6. Implementation of Monetary constitution. The central bank of the country controls and regulates raft of credit through the active cooperation of the banking system in the country.It helps in pitch price stability and promotes economic growth within shortest possible period of time. The ZTBL under the supervision and centering of the SBP help in implementing and achieving the objectives of the monetary polity which vary from time to time. 7. Financing Development Projects. The ZTBL provide short, medium & long term loans for financing of development projects both in private and public sectors. The ZTBL starts projects with the Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock (MINFAL) launched an integrated development program entitled go Maximization Project in 15 districts.The MINFAL will provide bullion to the tune of Rs. 299. 833 trillions to the ZTBL and thus help in accelerating the rate of economic development in the country. 8. Booting the Exports In order to boosts the exports of the agriculture and industrial goods of the Pakistan, the banks have ceremonious export promotion cell for the information and guidance of the exporters. 9. Less reliance on Foreign Capital A planed banking system by entree a vigorous campaign of mobilizing idle saving in the country can meet the capital development requirements from within the country.The country will thus have to rely less on foreign capital for financing in the development projects. 15 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report CHAPTER 3 INTRODUCTION TO ZTBL 3. 0 INTRODUTION The Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited is the leading, premier and specialized financial institution geared towards the development of agriculture, industrial and SME sector, by providing financial products, services and loans for their customers.The restructuring plan is being carried out with the aim to uplift the agriculture and rural sector by raising the productivity, streamlining the institutional credit and increasi ng income generating capacity of the farming community. The ZTBL was incorporated as the public limited company on tetradteenth December, 2002 through repeal of the ADB Ordinance of 1961. The ZTBL provides financial and technological services to the agricultura mention at their doorstep for modernization of agriculture sector in Pakistan.The main purpose of the ZTBL is to provide sustainable rural finance and services particularly to small farmers and low-income households to strengthen the rural and agricultural 16 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report sector, extenuate poverty, capital market and investment activities. The core values of the ZTBL is the professional integrety, teamwork, customer gladness and loyalty. The ZTBL has a one subsijournal which is known as the Kissan Support serve Limited. The bank can charge 9% interest.The auhorized capital of the ZTBL is Rs. 25,000,000, 000. This make sense is dividend into Rs. 2,500,000,000 everyday shares & the price of each shares is ten rupees. The total number of shares of the ZTBL is Rs. 1,186,961,000 and paid up capital is Rs. 11,869,612,000 of the ZTBL. The ZTBL has one chairman, one president and ten directors. The tatal number of employees is 5,326, while 982 employees is provided by the KSSL. The ZTBL make investment in some listed companies such as Nestle Milkpak Limited, Uqab Breeding Farm Limited, Mubarik Dairies Limited & Dadabohy Agriculture Leasing Limited in order to generate profit. . 1 HISTORY OF ZTBL It was considered after independence of Pakistan that the vivacious institutional sources of credit, such as, taccavi and cooperatives, were insufficiently meeting the credit needs of farmers. Therefore the need for establishment of a third source of agricultural credit was essentially percolated so as to fulfil the credit requirements of farmers not only for production but even for the developm ent purposes. Consequently, the ADFC was brought into existence in 1952 for the purpose of expanding financial facilities and promoting the development and modernization of agriculture in the Pakistan.Subsequently in 1957, the ABP was established that can provide both short term loan for production and long term loan for development. The ADFC & ABP were merged together as the ADPB in 18th February 1961. The ADPB is the main credit supplier to the agriculture sector in the country. According to the Companies Ordinance 1984, the ZTBL was incorporated as a the public limited company on 23th October, 2002. The ZTBL is governed by inscription and Article of Association and registered with the SECP under Companies Ordinance 1984.Consequently, on 18th November, 2002, all the assets, contracts, 17 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report liabilities, legal proceeding and undertakings of the ADBP w ere transferred and vested in the ZTBL on 14th December, 2002 by the Federal Government. 3. 2 incarnateAVISION To develop and operate the ZTBL as a commercially viable bank with focus on rural and agriculture finance and to serve the needs of community, by delivering financial products and services. farming 3. 3 CORPORATE MISSIONTo play an effective role in the promotion of economic growth, by enhancing the availability of credit to the agriculture sector, through reliable access to sustainable financing, special lending programs, good assistance, products & services, and to promote career development opportunities for increasing professionalism, technical proficiencies & trainings of employees. 3. 4 ? CORPORATE OBJECTIVES To assist rural community, particularly the small farmers, in raising their productivity and income levels through timely delivery of credit, advisory and ancillary services.To build the image of the ZTBL as a proactive, client friendly, financially & operationa lly sustainable with endemical product deployment. ? ? To establish and provide backward and forward linkages to strengthen the agriculture and industrial sector. ? The ZTBL can engage in public and private, whole sales event and retail partnership to deepen outreach and reduce operating cost. The ZTBL act as rural commercial bank to mobilize rural capital formation and to market the agriculture sector by delivering the true value of credit to the client. ? 18 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & TechnologyZarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report 3. 5 RESTRCTURING PLAN OF ZTBL The restructuring means activity involving expansion or concretion of a organizations operations or changes in its assets and financial structure. The restructuring plan of the ZTBL covering the following factors 1. 2. 3. Governance The ZTBL establish an environment that facilitates good governance and accountability. Systems The ZTBL modernize operations through u se of technology, networking and communication tools. Business Processes The streamline products and delivery systems of the ZTBL are to educe transaction costs, simplify operations, and increase outreach. 4. 5. 6. Products and Services The ZTBL introduce products and services that are financially and economically viable. homosexual Resource Development The ZTBL can improve standards and skills of staff & management and strengthen training capacity. Information Technology The ZTBL establish new hardware and packet platform to support the MIS, history system including forensic business relationship, and risk management functions. 3. 6 BOARD OF DIRECTORS The ZTBL has one chairman, one president and ten directors. The heptad eetings of the board are held during each category. The main resposibility of the BOD is to establish and go on a system of indispensable control, prepare and present the financial statements with aproved accounting standard and requirement of the Banking C ompanies Ordinance, 1962 and the Companies Ordinance 1984. The new corporate structure redefines the banks status as the Public Limited connection registered under Companies Ordinance 1984, with an self-employed person BOD which 19 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd.Chapter 1 Introduction to Report aims at ensuring good governance, autonomy, delivering high quality. The list of the BOD is given as under List of Board of managing director 3. 7 COMMIITTEES & ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE OF ZTBL The overall management, functions, meetings of the ZTBL is control by two committees known as Board & Management Committees. The sub-committees of these two committees is explain as under 3. 7. 1 Board Committees 1. study Committee This committee has one chairman, four members that are the directors of the ZTBL and one monument from the Audit Department.The identification of secretary is the chieftain Internal Auditor of Audit De partment. 2. Human Resource Management (HRM) Committee This committee has one chairman & president of the ZTBL, four members that are the directors of the ZTBL and one secretary from the HRM Department. The designation of secretary is the Head of the HRM Department. 3. Risk Management Committee This committee has one chairman & three members that are the directors of the ZTBL. only one member designation is 20 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd.Chapter 1 Introduction to Report the risk manager. But in risk management committee, the company secretary act as member and secretary as well. 4. Information Technology(IT) Committee This committee has one convener & two members that are the directors of the ZTBL. One member is from IT Department & his designation is the Chief information officer. While one secretary (Head) of IT Department. 3. 7. 2 Management Committees 1. Assets Liabilities Management Committees This committ ee has one convener (CEO) & three members. The designation of the first member is the SEVP of unconscious process Department.The designation of the second member is the risk manger. But the third member (Chief Financial Officer) act as member and secretary as well. 2. administrator Coordination Committee This committee has one convener (CEO), one secretary (Compliance Officer) & three members. The designation of the first member is the SEVP. The designation of the second member is the EVP. The designation of third member is the risk manger. 3. 7. 3 Organization Structure of ZTBL The organizational structure of the ZTBL is shown in below diagram 21 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & TechnologyZarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report 3. 8 ZONAL smirch AND BRANCHES In public sector, the ZTBL is largest financial development institution with a wide network of 25 zonal offices and 342 branches in the Pakistan. The network of the ZTBL Head Office is given as under 3. 9 RANKING OF STAFF MEMBERS 22 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report The ranking of staff members in order of seniority in the ZTBL is given as under 23 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & TechnologyZarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report 3. 10 SUBSIDRAY The ZTBL has one subsidiary which is known as the Kissan Support Services Limited. It was incorporated as owned subsidiary of the ZTBL that function independently effective from 1st January 2006. The KSSL is a separate and distinct legal entity that is controlled by the ZTBL. The KSSL has an authorized capital of Rs. coulomb trillion. Its aim is to provide a support to the management of the ZTBL such as to focus on core banking business and assign non-core activities.The KSSL operates under the Memorandum and Article of Association. The KSSL also provide support staff and services to the ZTBL in the following areas I. The KSSL has recruited and developed support staff of following table categories in ZTBL, Head Office as will as in field offices No. of Employees S. No. Category of Employees Provided By KSSL 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Darbans and Armed Guards Drivers Naib Qasids Mali / Beldars Typists, Assistants & Senior Assistants bail Supervisor Sweepers Players Others Total 526 291 54 25 41 03 07 20 15 982 ll.Besides manpower support a service, the KSSL has also provided following support services to the ZTBL ? Provide mail management, repairing, maintenance & photographing services to ZTBL ? Recruitment and provision of staff ? Provides farms and the ZTBL Staff College. 24 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ? Provide security services not only to the ZTBL Head Office but also to branches and zonal offices. CHAPTER 4 PRODUCTS & SERVICES OF ZTBL 4. 0 INTRODUCTIONThe ZTBL has provided many products and services for their customers. The product and services of the ZTBL can raise the vitality standard of rural areas and develop the agriculture sectors of a country as well. The Pakistan is an agriculture country and the products and services of the ZTBL plays very important role in increasing the GDP and accelerates economic growth. For this purpose, the ZTBL provides many facilities for their customers, such as provides schemes and loans, obviously help the customers to invest money in their businesses, to get upper limit profit from it and to pay low interest rates. . 1 SCHEMES OF ZTBL The ZTBL provides various schemes for customers, in order to strengthen the rural and agricultural sector of econnomy, reduce poverty and accelarte groth. The purposes of the ZTBL is which is briefly explains as under 4. 1. 1 Sairab Pakistan Scheme The ZTBL can raise the irrigated area for the purpose to accelerate rate economic growt h and to facilitate the farmers. The ZTBL has assigned the collaboration agreement with the KSB Pumps Company Limited under the Sairab Pakistani Scheme.The ZTBL will provide loans to the farmers for installation of tube wells and turbines whereas KSB Pumps Company Limited will provide quality pumps, turbines, equipments to borrowers for efficient pumping of pissings. The water can plays vital role to improve per acre yield. Out of total 31 million hectors area of the Pakistan, 22 million hectors is cultivated while 9 million 25 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report hectors is not cultivated & waste mainly due to non-availability of water.More over increase in water supply being a key input is required to raise cropping intensity and hence the income of the farmer. Since line of descent the ZTBL financed over 143000 tube wells amounting to Rs. 15 billion. The KSB Pumps Company will provi de quality machinery and equipment for efficient pumping of water. The company shall also provide after sale service including replacement of parts and availability of spares through its network of dealers disdain technological advancements and rapid growth of industrial sector, agriculture is still the back bone of the Pakistans economy.It contributes 22% towards the GDP and employs nearly 45% of countrys labor force. It provides raw material for preparation of industrial products. So it has both pulled & pushes effect on the economy. 4. 1. 2 Supervised Agriculture honorable mention Scheme Under this scheme agriculture loans are given for short, medium and long term loans up to Rs. 1 million per borrower. The loans are sanctioned for fats, livestock, orchard, tractor, agricultural machinery, tube well and irrigation facilities.Under the scheme besides provision of credit, information is to the farmers for planning the farm, production, guidance for instruction execution of the s cheme, marketing and repayment of loans. 4. 1. 3 White Revolution Scheme In order to modernize the dairy farming for increasing milk supply, mitigate poverty in Pakistan, and improving the living standards of the rural areas in Pakistan for the purpose to achieve growth and development in agriculture sector of Pakistan, the ZTBL may start the Strategic Partnership agreement with the Pakistan Development Diary Company (PDDC) and the Nestle Pakistan Limited (NPL) under the white revolution scheme.Under this participatory approach, the diary sector would be modernized with a view to increase milk supply, mitigate poverty and improve the living standard of the rural population. The ZTBL has earmarked funds to the tune of Rs. 5000 millions for financing of 50,000 animals (buffaloes and imported cows) during the five long time period 2007 to 2011. The 26 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report PD DC will also help the ZTBL in the selection of clients and affect of loan teddys.Initially the schemes will be for modernization of 5000 farmers during 5 years period involving Rs. 700 million. Under the scheme 1000 farms would be covered on each year basis. The modernization of dairy farm will be carried out through financing milk cooling tank, generator, voltage stabilizer, hot water geezer, water pump, cooling pad and other dairy equipment. There would be maximum limit of loan of Rs. 1 million per borrower party. The PDDC would bear the entire amount of mark-up charged in the loan cases & provided the 50% of principal part of loan is repaid in time by the borrower.The remaining 50% amount of principal along with the amount of mark-up would be paid by the PDDC. The Nestle Pakistan Limited would help to select and identify good clients for the ZTBL to improve quality deal of foreign and local dairy animals. The NPL can provide technical guidance to the farmers through nestle ve terinary doctors. The NPL would purchase milk through its network and make weekly payments of milk sale to the ZTBL for the adjustment of loan. 4. 1. 4 little Credit Scheme This Scheme has been launched since 15th July, 2000 for the uplift of rural poor.The landless poor such as tillers, harries and small land owners having land not exceeding 2 acres may avail loan under Micro Credit Scheme. It is operational in all branches of the ZTBL through all the Mobile Credit Officers. Both, men and women may obtain loans under the scheme as an individual or as a member of throng of 5-10 members. The minimum credit limit is Rs. 5,000 while maximum credit limit is Rs. 25,000. One hundred and thirty six income generating activities or cottage industry items have been identified for lending under the scheme.The loan may be advanced against one surety with 50% solvency of the assessed value of home owned by the guarantor or security of tangible property. Being small loans involving high cost 1 8% per annum mark-up is charged, whereas 2% rebate is given on timely repayment. All loans under these Schemes are redeemable within 18 months after expense of loan. 27 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report 4. 1. 5 Zarkhaiz Scheme (One window Operation) For timely and conveniently rovision of credit to purchase inputs, loans is provided to the borrowers under this scheme being conducted twice a week during Rabi & Kharif seasons. All the related departments such as revenue, agriculture, post office. etc. attend the focal points which are established at convenient places. The farmers get their pass books prepared and loan applications process on the same day whereas sanction payments are made within three days at branch. For Rabi crops, one window operation from October to January and for Kharif crops from April to September each year which is extendable as per requirement of particular area. 4. . 6 Sada Bahar Scheme For providing timely input loans for crops and working capital for domestic fowl and piscary etc, the ZTBL has launched a Sada Bahar Scheme. This scheme is also known as Revolving Finance Scheme. The assessment for inputs requirements for the whole year is made at the time of first application. The amount so assessed is treated as revolving limit provided it is within the security limit. The managers are authorized to sanction such loan limits up to Rs. 5 Lake. The salient features of the scheme are given as under 1. 2. 3. 4. Revolving Credit Limit is fixed to cater production credit and ancillary equirements of the farmers during one year period. The borrowers can draw the credit in landlubber sum or in installments according to his requirement. The borrowers can repay in lump sum or in installments during the year when his cash position allows him. The maneuver Book containing transactions in his account is supplied to every borrower free of cost . 4. 1. 7 Tea Financing Scheme In order to increase the tea cultivation in Mansehra, Swat, Mutta and Dir in Malakand Division, the tea financing scheme has been introduced which would not only save the hard earned foreign exchange but would 8 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report also help to improve the socio-economic condition and living standard of the inhabitants of the area. The salient features of the scheme are given as under 1. 2. The maximum credit ceiling of Rs. 60,000 per acre has been fixed. All the farmers owing land up to five acres are eligible to avail loans. 3. The amount of credit will be given in three installments the first year installment is Rs. 30,000, second year installment is Rs. 5,000 and installment is year Rs. 15,000. 4. The credit would be repayable within 11 years with 6 years grace period with prescribed markup of 9% per annum. third 4. 2 scoop outowS OF ZTBL The ZTBL provides loans for the development and growth of rural areas and uplift of farm activities. The loans of ZTBL are briefly explained as under 4. 2. 1 Production gives These loans are given to farmers for seed, fertilizer, pesticides, labor chargesetc. to grow crops and vegetables including working capital for poultry, dairy, orchard and fishery and are recoverable within one and half year.The amount of disbursement of production loan, at the end of December 31, is 50,222 million for overall four provinces. The example of production loans items are given as under 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Seeds, fertilizers and fuel Pesticides, insecticides and herbicides manual sprayers poultry feed, chicks and medicines Hire charges of farm power Water charges and electric charges for tube well Production loan for growth of mushroom Hired labor, water rates & fuel wood for tobacco curing 29 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd . Chapter 1 Introduction to Report . 2. 2 Development Loans The loans for purchase of items like farm machinery, tractors, irrigation, land development, orchard, green houses, dairy, poultry, fishery, livestock, farming.. etc are recoverable up to one to eight years. The amount of disbursement of development loan is 5,690 million at the end of 2007, for overall four provinces. However, the provinces wise disbursement of loans & its percentages at end of 31st December, 2007 is given as under S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Provinces Panjab Sindh NWFP Balochistan outgo of Loans ( Rupees) 44,327,000,000 7,384,000,000 3,802,000,000 99,000,000 age 79. 50% 13. 20 6. 80 0. 20 Moreover, the term wise disbursement of loans of bank is on short, medium and long term basis. I. The short term loans are also called production loans having due date period is one year. These loans are given to farmers for seed, fertilizer, pesticides, labor chargesetc. to grow crops and vegetables. These loans are recoverable in lump sum commencing after the harvest or marketing of respective crops. II. Medium term loans are for development and advance purposes the examples of these loans are dairy farming and livestock.The installments of these loans are made on monthly, bi yearbookly and annually basis and the recovery or adulthood period is 5 years. III. The long term loans are for tractor, agricultural machinery, poultry farming, and orchard. The installments of these loans are made on monthly, biannually and yearly basis and the maturity period is 8 years and above. Summary of Term Wise Disbursement of Loans S. No. 1. 2. 3. Term wise Disbursement of Loans Short Term Loan (Production Loans) Medium Term Loan (Development Loans) Long Term Loan (Development Loans ) maturity date 2months 5 years 8 years %age 89. 80% 3. 40 6. 80 30 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report 4. 3 RECOVERY PROCEDURE OF LOAN The rec overy procedure of the ZTBL loan is to carried and taken by three steps such as recovery schedule, issuance of notice and legal action which is briefly explain as under 4. 3. 1 Recovery enrolment The recovery schedule in each loan case as per terms of sanction of loan is fixed and communicated to the borrowers after disbursement of loan.In case of default or failure in repayment of any installment on due date the mark-up shall continue to be charged and destination installment due to this may differ from the amount of installments fixed at the time of disbursement. 4. 3. 2 Issuance of Notice The ZTBL can issue notice for recovery of loan which is known as Demand Notice. It is issued originally the due date of every installment. A legal notice is issued one month after the due date informing the borrower that if the amount is not repaid within next one month, further legal action will be taken to recover the dues. 4. 3. Legal Action The legal action can be initiated against the de faulter if loan is not repaid even after expiry of legal notice period. Where the court in banks favor has official a case, account is to be settled by recovery of amount from the auction of the mortgaged property. The bank may purchase the mortgaged property if considered feasible to dispose it off later on through auction or in any manner deemed fit for getting the best price. The bank may dispose off the mortgaged properties of defaulters for satisfaction of its dues with out intervention of courts under Financial Institutions Ordinance 2001. 1 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report CHAPTER 5 FINANCE & ACCOUNTS DIVISION 5. 0 INTRODUCTION OF THE FINANCE & ACCOUNTS DIVISION The Finance and Accounts Division of the ZTBL is responsible for handling the financial affairs and safekeeping the records of all the transactions, preparation of accounts, financial statements and budgets and to ma nage, distribute and chord funds of all zonal offices and branches of the ZTBL.Moreover this division acts as the backbone for the bank, in order to strengthen the rural and agricultural sector of Paksitan, to manage funds, mitigate poverty, capital market and investment activities. The main aim and responsibility of this division is to make policies, planning, mobilization and administration of the banks financial resources such as products and services. This division provides schemes and loans for small and large farmers. By 32 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report etting loans and register with schemes, the farmers can invest money in their businesses and to get maximum profit from it and to pay low interest rates. This division manages the banks financial relations with the objectives of providing loans to borrowers. The ZTBL lends money to the individuals or corporations for aspira tion or investment and charge interest on the loans. But besides this, finance is the science that deals with the funds management such as saving and lending money while account is a record of financial transactions for an asset or individual.In other words, an account is an arrangement between a buyer and a seller in which payments are to be made in future. In short, this division can a gain a tremendous importance over the other division in the ZTBL, through its functions and truly be called as the backbone for the bank, in order to manage funds, mitigate poverty and increase the living standard of people of rural ares. 5. 1 FUNNCTIONS OF FINANCE & ACCOUNTS DIVISION This division mainly deals with archetype of time, money and risk and how they are interrelated. It also deals with how money is budgeted.However, finance works most basically through individuals and business organizations depositing money in a bank. The main functions of the FAD is given as under ? To providing proa ctive financial policy, timely strategic financial planning and risk management. ? ? To managing the banks assets and liability portfolio. To prepare, prompt and accurate financial reporting and preparing audited financial statements for the banks annual report. ? To overseeing internal controls in the processing of financial transactions accounts, budgets, and credit of the bank. To reconcile funds of all zonal offices and branches of the ZTBL. 33 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ? To administer, monitor and control the banks loan and portfolios, including management and disbursement of loans. To manage the cash inflows and out flows. To maintain a books of accounts. To get up and facilitate a business planning, budgeting and to formulate the budgeting estimates of revenue and capital expenditure. To manage and rectify the accounts of zonal offices and braches.To merge all the fin ancial statements of zonal offices and braches, in order to make financial decisions. To prepare quarterly, semiannually and annual financial statements and its agenda for presentation to the Audit Committee and the BOD & also to prepare annual capital sufficiency ratio for certification by impertinent auditors This division ensuring that all financial obligations are met and collections are made. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5. 2 CLASSIFICATION OF FINANCE & ACCOUNTS DIVISION In order to classify the finance and accounts division of ZTBL, there are four epartments, which plays very important role in financial affairs and keeping the records of all the transaction, preparation of accounts, financial statements, budgets and to manage, distribute and to reconcile funds of all zonal offices and branches of the ZTBL Heads Office. The four departments & their sub unit of the FAD are given as under 1. Central Accounts Department ( computer-aided design) ? Policy social unit ? Accounts unit of measure ment ? Tax whole 34 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ? Fixed Asset whole (FAU) ?Pre-payment Verification unit of measurement (PVU) 2. Head Office Accounts Department (HOAD) ? Payroll social unit ? Fund Unit ? Payment unit ? Intra Branch Transaction (Reconcilitation) Unit (IBTU) 3. Regulatory Reporting Department (RRD) ? Regulatory & Internal Reporting Unit (RIRU) ? Financial management Information Unit (FMISU) 4. Budget & Fund Reconciliation Department (BFRD) ? Budget Planning Unit ? Budget Analysis Unit ? Treasury Unit ? Fund Reconciliation Unit (FRU) 5. 3 hierarchy OF FINANCE & ACCOUNTS DIVISION 35 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & TechnologyZarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report CHAPTER 6 CENTARL ACCOUNTS DEPARTMENT 6. 0 INTRODUCTION OF CAD The CAD is abbreviated to Central Accounts Department. There are many accounting policies & procedures used in the CAD, In order to present the true financial position of he bank in financial statements, the accountants formulate the 36 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report accounting policies & procedures. This department maintains the actual or real accounts of the ZTBL.In this department, I was attached actually to maintain the real accounts which are assets and liabilities. They are responsible for both kinds of assets fixed and liquid assets and to maintain the depreciation accounts for all those assets acquired by the bank. In this department the balance sheet and profit and prejudice account is also prepared for financial year, to get the image in sense of profitability or loss and to make financial decisions. 6. 1 ? OBJECTIVES OF CAD Formulation & maintenance of the accounting policies & procedures with applicable accounting standards which chequer dissemination & i mplementation across the bank. Preparation of financial statements as per requirement of statue and to ensure the proper accounting of assets, liabilities, owners equity, income, revenues and expenses. 6. 2 ? FUNCTIONS OF CAD To issue the instructions relating to accounting policies & procedures and allocation of specimen signature numbers to the authorized signatories of the branches & maintenance of signature booklet. To notify the schedule of bank charges. To maintaining & update of chart of accounts for recording of financial transactions. To prepare the periodic financial statements of the bank & to deal with all related matters.To Issue the guidelines and instructions regarding periodicals closing of accounts and deductions of appraise revenue at source. ? ? ? ? 37 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ? To deal with all corporate tax matter & liaison with tax department, tax advi sors, consultants. etc The compilation of fixed assets schedule of the Head Office departments & branches. Follow up and collection of fixed assets schedule along with supporting documents from the ZTBL Head Office departments, zonal offices & branches.To coordinate with internal & external auditors and the SBP inspection team and to arrange credit rating of the bank. To conduct prepayment verification of sanctions pertaining to the HOAD. To perform administrative functions for the department such as, sanction of leaves & approvals for tour programs & travel allowance ? ? ? ? ? 6. 1. 3 6. 1. 3. 1 ? UNITS OF CENTRAL ACCOUNTS DEPARTMENT Policy Unit To device accounting procedure regarding accounting in the Head Office and branches & to circulate revision of mark-up or return rate for residency by the branches.To deal with management latter & executive summary. To coordinate with external auditors & to arrange payments to external auditors bills. To arrange compliance of internal & e xternal audit observation relating to the accounting matters of the ZTBL Head Office, zonal offices and branches. To coordinate with other departments in the Head Office on policy matters. To maintains personal files of the employees, deals with their leaves & other administrative matters, such as policy matters relating to the operation of accounts. ? ? ? ? ? 38 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & TechnologyZarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ? To update the specimen signatures booklet for use of authorized signatories in the ZTBL Head Office, zonal offices & branches. To prepare bank charges schedule & there circulation among branches and submission to the SBP on half yearly basis. To allocate new GLH for accounting purpose and issue instructions those are relevant to the books of accounts. To provide guidelines to the zonal offices and branches regarding rectification, settlement of accounting errors, audit observation and adjust ment of suspense account.To arrange & coordinate with credit rating of the bank & provide information regarding credit rating of the bank. ? ? ? ? 6. 1. 3. 2 ? Accounts Units To coordinate with concerned departments of is division for timely production of statement of affairs. To arrange compilation and merger of statement of affairs and it is also provide to auditors for auditing purposes. TO gather up balances under relevant group of heads from trial balances for preparation of financial statements. To prepare list of abnormal entries & balances for rectification.To deal with all matters rel